Wireless Sensor Network

Vibhor Saraswat
Final Yr ECE
Guide- Miss Rashmi Sharma

Poornima College of Engineering

www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.c

CONTENTS

INTODUCTION OF WIRELESS
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
SENSOR NODE
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
NETWORK APPLICATION
CONCLUSION

Why Talk About Wireless?

Wireless communication is not a new technology but
cell phones have brought revolution in wireless
communication
Wireless Technology has changed the way
o Organizations & individuals work & live today
In less than 10 years
o World has moved from fixed to wireless networks
o Allowing people, mobile devices & computers talk to
each other, connect without a cable
o Only available option for field data acquisition
Interconnectivity with multiple devices
o Using radio-waves, sometimes light
o Frees user from many constrains of traditional
computer & phone system

Ubiquitous Computing
Future State of Computing Technology?
o
o
o
o

Mobile, many computers

Small Processors
Low Power Consumption
Relatively Low Cost

Growth in Wireless Systems

Rapid growth in cellular voice services
o Cell phones everywhere!
Several wireless technology options have
been available for the last ~10-20 yrs
o Mini cell stations using existing standards like
CDMA or GSM
o Wireless PABX using PCS standards such as
DECT.
o Satellite and microwave backhaul

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Sensors

Deploy

What is a WSN?
Sensor: The
device

Observer: The end

user/computer

Phenomenon: The entity of interest to the

observer
A network that is formed when a set of small sensor
devices that are deployed in an ad hoc fashion no
predefined routes, cooperate for sensing a physical
phenomenon.
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of base
stations and a number of wireless sensors.
It simple, tiny, inexpensive, and battery-powered

Why Wireless Sensors Now?

Moores Law is making sufficient CPU performance
available with low power requirements in a small size.
Research in Materials Science has resulted in novel
sensing materials for many Chemical, Biological, and
Physical sensing tasks.
Transceivers for wireless devices are becoming
smaller, less expensive, and less power hungry (low
power tiny Radio Chips).
Power source improvements in batteries, as well as
passive power sources such as solar or vibration
energy, are expanding application options.

Typical Sensor Node Features

A sensor node has:
o Sensing Material
Physical Magnetic, Light, Sound
Chemical CO, Chemical Weapons
Biological Bacteria, Viruses, Proteins

Integrated Circuitry (VLSI)

A-to-D converter from sensor to circuitry
o Packaging for environmental safety
o Power Supply
o

Passive Solar, Vibration

Active Battery power, RF Inductance

Sensor Network
Server

Sensor field
Communications
barrier

Gateway

Internet

Sensor Network
Server

Watershed
Sensor
field

Gateway

Internet

Sensor Node Hardware

Sensor + Actuator + ADC + Microprocessor + Powering
Unit
+ Communication Unit (RF Transceiver) + GPS

Portable and self-sustained (power, communication,

intelligence).
Capable of embedded complex data processing.

Sensors and Wireless Radio

Types of sensors:
-Pressure,
-Temperature
-Light
-Biological
-Chemical
-Strain, fatigue

Capable to survive harsh

environments (heat, humidity,
corrosion, pollution etc).
No source of interference to
systems being monitored
and/or surrounding systems.

Advances in Wireless Sensor

Nodes
Consider Multiple Generations of Berkeley Motes

Model
CPU
Flash
Memory
SRAM
Radio

Rene 2 Rene 2

Mica

Mica 2

4 MHz

8 MHz

4 MHz 4 MHz

8 KB

16 KB

128 KB 128 KB

32 KB

32 KB

512 KB 512 KB

10 Kbps 10 Kbps 40 Kbps 40 Kbps

Network characteristics of WSN

Generally, the network:
o Consists of a large number of sensors
(103 to 106 Hz)
o Spread over large geographical region
(radius = 1 to 103 km)
o Spaced out in 1, 2, or 3 dimensions
o Is self-organizing
o Uses wireless media
o May use intermediate collators

Sensor Network Topology

Hundreds of nodes require careful handling of
topology maintenance.
Predeployment and deployment phase
o Numerous ways to deploy the sensors (mass, individual
placement, dropping from plane..)
Postdeployment phase
o Factors are sensor nodes position change, reachability
due to jamming, noise, obstacles etc, available energy,
malfunctioning, theft, sabotage
Redeployment of additional nodes phase
o Redeployment because of malfunctioning of units

Network Topologies
Star
o Single Hop Network
o All nodes
communicate
directly with
Gateway
o No router nodes
o Cannot self-heal
o Range 30-100m
o Consumes lowest
power

Network Topologies
Mesh
Multi-hopping network
All nodes are routers
Self-configuring network
Node fails, network self-heals
Re-routes data through
shortest path
o Highly fault tolerant network
o Multi-hopping provides much
longer range
o Higher power
consumptionnodes must
always listen!
o
o
o
o
o

Network Topologies
Star-Mesh Hybrid
o
o
o

o
o

Combines of stars low

power and
meshs self-healing and
longer range
All endpoint sensor nodes
can communicate with
multiple routers
Improves fault tolerance
Increases network
communication range
High degree of flexibility
and mobility

WSN APPLICATIONS
Potential for new intelligent applications:
o
o
o
o
o
o

Smart Homes
Process monitoring and control
Security/Surveillance
Environmental Monitoring
Construction
Medical/Healthcare

Implemented with Wireless Sensor Networks!

Medical and Healthcare Appln

Remote
Databases

Backbone
Network

Net
Switch

In Hospital
Physician

Net
Switch

Wireless Remote
consultation
Possibility for Remote consulting
(including Audio Visual
communication)

Application in Environment
Monitoring
Measuring pollutant
concentration
Pass on information
to monitoring station
Predict current
location of pollutant
volume based on
various parameters
Take corrective
action

Pollutants monitored by sensors in

the river

ST

Sensors report to the base

monitoring station

Putting Sensor in
vehicle

Vehicle equipped with sensor and sort range

wireless communication capability can form
ad-hoc vehicular wireless mesh network (V
MESH)

Two application scenarios:

Vehicular traffic monitoring and control.
Inter connecting Patches of sensor network.

Power Consumption
Limited Power Source
Battery Lifetime is limited
Each sensor node plays a dual role of data
originator and data router (data processor)
The malfunctioning of a few nodes
consumes lot of energy (rerouting of
packets and significant topological
changes)

Environmental Factors
Wireless sensors need to operate in
conditions that are not encountered by
typical computing devices:
o
o

Rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc.

Wide temperature variations
May require separating sensor from
electronics

o
o
o

High humidity
Saline or other corrosive substances
High wind speeds

CONCLUSION
Security in WSN is quite different from
traditional (Wired) network security.
We have proposed three network
topologies for WSN.
Our schemes substantially improves
the performance and network
resilience

References
Wireless & Mobile Systems Prof Dharma Prakash
Agrawal and H. Deng
Integrating Wireless Technology in the Enterprise by
Williams Wheeler, Elsevier Digital Press
www.google.com
www.wikkipedia.com

Any Questions?