Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
S.K.CHAKARVARTI
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Institution of National Importance)
KURUKSHETRA-136 119
skchakarvarti@gmail.com
IQ ?
• Keep your IQ constant !
• IQ = IGNORANCE QUOTIENT
= WHAT YOU KNOW /
WHAT
YOU DONOT KNOW
World’s Smallest Cat: 15.5 cm
(6.1-inch) high and 49 cm (19.2-
inch) long
World's Smallest Hamster: 2.5 cm
(0.9-inch) tall
World's Smallest Chameleon: 1.2
cm (0.5-inch) long
World’s Smallest Fish: 7.9 mm
(0.3-inch) long
World's Smallest Snake: 10.1 cm
(4-inch) long
World’s Smallest Dog: 12.4 cm
(4.9-inch) tall
World’s smallest girl. At 15, she
stands just 1ft 11½in tall !
WORLD’S SMALLEST FRIDGE
25000
Asians citizens
All fields of Science &
20000 Engineering
PhD per year
15000
US citizens, all fields of Science
and Engineering, (excluding
10000 psychology & social sciences)
US citizens,
5000 Physical Sciences and
Engineering only
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Source: Science and Engineering Indicators, National Science Board, 2002
By 2012, if current trends continue, over 90% of all physical scientists and engineers in the
world will be Asians working in Asia.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007
“For the discovery of Giant
Magnetoresistance"
www.gresham.ac.uk
Why hadn’t we thought
of this long before?
We didn’t have the tools.
Not only couldn’t we
manipulate individual
atoms and molecules, but
we couldn’t even see
them!
Why is nano technology
coming to the surface
now?
Tools to see, measure, and
manipulate matter at the
nanoscale now exist.
What Is All the Fuss About
Nanotechnology?
Any given search engine will
produce 1.6 million hits.
Nanotechnology is on the way to
becoming the FIRST trillion
dollar market .
Nanotechnology influences
almost every facet of every day
life such as security and
medicine..
Lots and Lots of Atoms
How many atoms do you think
you have in your body?
A billion?
A 109
billion? A trillion? A billion
A trillion?
109 10121012 billion?
1018
A billion
billion A trillion trillion
billion? trillion?
1027 1036
Lots and Lots of Atoms
Do you think there are more
stars in the universe or atoms
in your body?
1027 1021
Atoms
Atoms in
in your body
your body Stars in Universe
NANO INDIAN
Every Indian is a
Nano Indian!
Industrial Revolutions
First Revolution
(1780–1840)
Based in United Kingdom
Steam Engine
Textile Industry
Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Revolutions
Second Revolution
(1840–1900)
Based in Europe –
England, France, Germany
Railways
Steel Industry
Industrial Revolutions
Third Revolution
(1900–1950)
Based in United States
Electric Engine
Heavy Chemicals
Automobiles
Consumer Durables
Industrial Revolutions
Fourth Revolution
(1950–Present)
Based in Pacific Basin –
California, Japan
Synthetics
Organic Chemicals (Oil)
Computers
The Next Industrial Revolution
Fifth Revolution
(2010? – ??)
Based in Developing World?
China? India? Brazil?
Nanotechnology
Molecular Manufacturing
The Next Big Step
Nanotechnolo
gy
l
ct ta
Computers
pa ci e
Automobiles
s
Im So
Railways
Steam Engines
(Middle Ages)
Tim
e
• SOME “INNOCENT
LOOKING” BUT
SHORT- SIGHTED
VISIONS !
GUESS WHAT IT COULD BE?
The Volume and Size of 5MB mem
•
In September 1956 IBM launched the 305 RAMAC, t
• Let us start appreciating your 4 GB jump drive costin
aunces and costing US$ 50!
BEWARE OF PREDICTIONS
1954 view of Home computer for
2004!!
� �
Historical Use of Nanoparticles:
Stained Glass
How small is nano,
really?
How small is nano, really?
Ant
Mountain 1 mm
1 km 1/1000 of
child
1/1,000,000
of
mountain
Child
Sugar Molecule
1m
1 nm
1/1000
Bacteria 1/1000 of bacteria
of mountain
1µ m 1/1,000,000 of ant
1/1000 of ant 1/1,000,000,000 of chi
1/1,000,000 of child
Definition
"When they planned it, the French first set the
meter to be one ten-millionth of the distance
from the equator to the North Pole."
Thousands of
nanometers Nanometers
A million . Ten shoulder-to-shoulder
nanometers hydrogen atoms span 1
The pinhead sized patch nanometer. DNA molecules
of this thumb are about 2.5 nanometers wide.
is a million
nanometers across.
Billions of
nanometers
A human hair is approximately 100,000 nm.
A two meter tall male is two billion
nanometers.
The
Things Na
O
P
O O
O O O O
O O O O O O O O
O O O O O O O O
S S S S S S S S
Transistor vs Virus
without
K. Eric Drexler: futuristic guy.
Founder of the Foresight inst. In CA.
http://www.imm.org
Inst. For Molecular Manufacturing
• 1981: Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) created
• 1985: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) invented
• 1993: Carbon Nanotubes discovered
• 1998: First Single-Electron Transistor created
• 2001: Nanowire ZnO laser
• 2002: Superlattice Nanowires
• 2004: Single-Electron Transistor with tiny mechanical
arm
……….And the story goes on !
NANOWRITING
Letter size:250 nm
Sample
Flexible Cantilever
XYZ Piezoelectric
Scanner
Atomic manipulation by STM: 1989
IBM logo – 35 Xenon atoms
www.gresham.ac.uk
Nanotechnology in Nature
Top-
down
Bottom
-up
There are two ways to
make tools...
Top-
down
Bottom-
Up
Micro-technology - Similar to painting &
carving - just on a much smaller scale
• • Energy Utilization
• - High efficiency and durable home and
• industrial lighting
• - Solid state lighting can reduce total
• electricity consumption by
• 10% and cut carbon emission
• by the equivalent of 28 million tons/year
• (Source: Al Romig, Sandia Lab)
Chemical
Linker
Nano particle
Drug chemical
An example:
Drug Delivery
The Perfect
Some products combine different kinds of
Fridge?
nanotechnology, such as the Samsung
Nano SilverSeal refrigerator
• Application: Catalysts
Company: Exxonmobil
Description: Zeolites, minerals with pore sizes of less than one nanometer, serve as more efficient catalysts to break down, or crack, large hydrocarbon molecules to
form gasoline.
VDI
Applications of Nanotechnology
VDI
Products Anticipated
• 2004-7 burn and wound dressings, water filtration devices, paints,
cosmetics, coatings, lubricants, textiles, memory/storage devices
• 2008-10 – medical diagnostics, displays, sensors, drug delivery,
composite materials, solid state lighting, bio-materials, nano arrays,
more powerful computers, protective armor, chem-bio suits, and
chem-bio sensors
• 2011-15 -- nanobiomaterials, microprocessors, new catalysts,
portable energy cells, solar cells, tissue/organ regeneration, smart
implants
• 2016 and beyond – molecular circuitry, quantum computing,
new materials, fast chemical analyses
NANO PREDICTIONS!
Two to five years from now:
Car tires that need air only once a year.
Complete medical diagnostics on a single
computer chip.
Go-anywhere concentrators
that produce drinkable water
from air.
air
Five to 10 years
Powerful computers you can wear or fold into your wallet.
Drugs that turn AIDS and cancer into manageable conditions.
Smart buildings that self-stabilize during earthquakes or bombings.
Some nano-predictions
• Eternal life-cell reconstruction by nanobots (inject robots
into the blood) NO!
• Utopia- no more old age, no more disease, no more energy
crisis no more food shortage. NO!
• Restoration of the environment- nanobots again (let the little-
bots loose in the air- repair one molecule at a time. The threat
of grey-goo) NO!
• Computers in clothes in the walls all around us (each
computer is very small- transmitters in everything)
err - not yet anyway?
• Living cells- artificially made cells that reproduce and are
“alive”- nano-Frankensteins. May be but not yet?
Self Assembling Machines? 0
Not Yet!!
• Do we have any kind of
mechanical parts for
man made nano-
machines?
• We have many Bearing top; differential gear bottom
A M
N S
DREAMS
NANOMACHINES
NANOMEDICINE
NANOELECTRONICS
DREAMS AND VISION
LEAD TO
PRAGMATISM !
• "The Dream is not what
you see in sleep..,
Dream is the thing which
does not let you sleep."
NANOMEDICINE
• In the future, we will have fleets of
surgical tools that are molecular
both in size and precision.
• We will also have computers much
smaller than a single cell to guide
those tools.
NANOMEDICINE
• Killing cancer cells, bacteria
• Removing circulatory obstructions
• Providing oxygen (artificial red
blood cells)
• Adjusting other metabolites
Nanorobots are decades away, but
could…
Break apart kidney
stones,
clear plaque from
blood
vessels, ferry drugs
to tumor cells
Space Elevator
http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20021005/bob9.asp
climber
Nano self-replicated machines
Some Final Thoughts
•Still a young science, but
could take off at
any time
•Presents wonderful
opportunities
• Presents terrible
MICROMETALLIC ROSE
http://www.pa.msu.edu/
cmp/csc/NANOTUBE-
99/varia/1.html
NANONICS
2
400 Passive Power (Device Leakage)
400
Modern processor chips consume
~100W of power of which about 20% is 300
300
erdnsity(W
/cm ow
P
increased power per generation has
)
00
50.5
0 0 30.35
5 0 20.25
5 0 10.18
8 0 0.13
1 3 0 10.1
0 0 0.07
7 0 0.05
50
been to scale down the operating Te chn olo gy no de ( nm )
voltage of the chip but voltages are
reaching limits due to thermal
fluctuation effects.
Carbon Nanotubes
0
CARBON NANOTUBES TO
0
RESCUE !
We have semiconductor carbon nanotubes
which can be made into all the different types of
Transistors, gates and switches and memory
needed for todays chip architecture. Chicken wire
Atomic structure is twisted like the cardboard of
a toilet roll.
Drive gear
chain and
linkages
coagulated
red blood
cells
Summary
• An emerging, interdisciplinary science
– Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials engineering, earth
science, and computer science
• The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a
tiny scale will lead to
– New areas of research and technology design
– Better understanding of matter and interactions
– New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare, energy, the
environment, and technology
– A few practical applications now, but most are years or decades away
SOME CREATIONS FROM
OUR LABORATORY
MICROMETALLIC ROSE
Left: A nano-gear
Right: A nano-universal-joint
So- can we live for ever with nanobots or MEMS in our blood,
repairing cells as soon as they start to wear or falter??
MEMS - Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems
BUILDING THE MACHINE TOOL FOR THE
MICROWORLD
Large scale industrial
nanotechnology
• Develop new techniques to produce food,
medicine, etc.
• Build machines, materials, and devices with the
ultimate finesse that life has always used: atom
by atom, on the same nanometer scale as the
machinery in living cells
• Energy production.
• Replace / complement microelectronics as
leading enabling technology
Positive Effects on Society
Nanomachines could
allow for cleaner
energy production
Nanomachines in the
blood stream
patrolling for viruses
Negative Effects on Society
If it falls into the wrong hands
Above: A nano-bearing
Right: A “nano-factory”
0
skchakarvarti@gmail.com
skchakarvarti@yahoo.co.in
Thank
you
for your
patience
!
Some Crazy Future
“Applications” of
Advanced
Technologies!
PROGRESS IN SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY BY 3000 !