Presentation of Data

Group 3

Presentation of Data
The Textual Form
Tabular Form
Graphical or Pictorial Form

1.Textual form- the textual form is utilized when the data to

be presented are purely qualitative or when very few numbers
are involved. This method is generally not desirable when too
many figures are involved as the reader may fail grasp the
significance of certain quantitative relationships, but it
becomes an effective device when the objective is to call the
readers attention to some data that require special emphasis.

Example:
While the Philippines is considered a good achiever in education,

having a high literacy rate, disturbing problems abound. Our

literacy rate for instance is stagnating-31 of 73 provinces have a
literacy rate below the national average, among them, tribal
communities in Mindanao and Cordilleras. In 1983 the number of
out-of=school children was estimated at 1.25 million; most of them
belong to the poorest families. About one-third of those who enter
first grade do no reach sixth grade; because of repetitions, the
average years spent in the elementary grades is 8.5. But although
this is so the number of high-school non-enrollees is increasing at a
faster rate. (Weekend Magazine of the Sunday Express , November 16, 1986, p. 3)

2. Tabular form- A more effective device of presenting data is by

means of statistical tables. People who want to make some
comparisons and draw relationships usually find the tabular
arrangement more convenient and understandable than the
textual presentation. A statistical table has four essential
components: table heading, body stubs, and column captions or
boxheads. In addition to these four components, a footnote may
be placed immediately below the main part of the table. A
source note may also be included to acknowledge the origin of
the data. This is placed beneath the footnote.

GROSS EXCHANGE RATES OF THE PESO

(PESOS PER UNIT OF FOREIGN CURRENCY)

Foreign currency

March 1986

February 1986 September 1985

March 1985

US Dollar

20.6000

21.9790

18.6400

18.4670

Japanese Yen

0.1146

0.1218

0.0854

0.0729

British Pound

30.3850

32.2091

26.2078

22.6959

German Deutschemark

8.8291

9.9213

6.9676

5.9186

Swiss Franc

10.5739

11.7389

8.5110

6.9934

French Franc

2.8695

3.2265

2.2815

1.9371

Singapore Dollar

9.4924

10.2312

8.7813

8.3563

*Based on Bankers Association of the Philippines Reference rate

SOURCE : Department of Economic Research, International.

3. Graphical or Pictorial Form - Among the different methods of

presenting data, the graph or chart is perhaps the most effective
device for attracting peoples attention. Readers who look for
comparisons and trends may skip statistical tables but may pause to
examine graphs. Construction of a good graph requires more skill,
more time, and occasionally more expense than does a statistical
table. An additional limitation is that no matter how accurate the
graph is drawn, it is usually not quite easy to determine the exact
figures on which it is based. Like a table, a graph must have a title,
and if necessary a source note.

Graphs are of various types:

1.Line graph
2.Bar graph

3.Pie chart
4.Statistical maps.

1. Line graph - A line graph is an effective device used to

portray changes in values with respect to time. It is similar
to Cartesian coordinate system in that there is horizontal
axis and a vertical axis. The categories, or time periods,, are
chronologically arranged on the horizontal axis an the
relevant values are indicated by a series of line segments
formed by joining consecutive points plotted above the
categories.

NUMBER OF VISITOR ARRIVALS

1970 TO 1985
1200
1000
800
600

400
200
0
1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

SOURCE: 1986 Philippine Statistical Yearbook

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

 Bar Graph- categorical as well as chronological

comparisons may be shown graphically by mans of a bar
graph. A graph essentially consists of bars or rectangles
which are drawn either vertically or horizontally
depending on the type of data and the purpose of
comparison. Vertical bars are generally used for
chronological comparisons. The individual bars depict the
different tie periods or categories in the data; the height or
length of each bar corresponds to the value attached to
each time period or category.

4.5

SUGARCANE AND COCONUT PRODUCTION

CROP YEARS 1980 TO 1985

Coconut

4
3.5
3

Sugarcane
2.5

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

 Pie Chart- the pie chart , like the component bar chart, is
particularly appropriate for portraying the relative
magnitudes of the components parts of a whole. It is
constructed by dividing a circle (a pie) into sectors, each
sector having a size proportional to the percentage it
represents. The number of degrees of the central angle of
the sector representing a component is measured using
the formula:
No. of degrees = percentage x 3.6
The value 3.6 is 1% of 360, the measure of the central angle of the circle.

SECTORIAL ALLOCATION OF THE NATIONAL BUDGET

FOR 1987
13%

7%

38%

20%

22%

Debt Service and Net Lending

Social Service

Economic Services

Defense

General Public Services

4. Statistical maps statistical maps are used to present

quantitative data which describe or classify geographical areas.
Variations in magnitudes in the different areas are shown with
the use of dots or shades(hatches). Maps that make use of dots
are called dot maps; those utilizing shades or hatches, are
referred to as shaded or cross-hatched maps. Specifically, a dot
map is used to show the number of people belonging to a
certain class or the number of objects having a given
characteristic present in each geographic area. Shaded or crosshatched maps are useful in depicting ratios characterizing the
different area.

Source : http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/CNPP2012_CD/countryprofiles/Philippines/Philippines.htm