K. K. M. S.

Kariyawasam

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

Content

Construction
Principle of Operation
Torque Speed characteristics
Single phase induction motors
References

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

Construction
Stator

Construction

Figure 1: Stator of a 3 induction motor

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

Construction cont.
Stator

Construction

Identical coils are wound into the slots and

connected to form a balanced three phase winding,
which are offset by1200 (electrical angle) from each
other
Made of a stack of highly permeable steel
laminations

To reduce the eddy current losses

Figure 2: A stator steel lamination

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

Construction cont.

Rotor Construction
Two types:
Wound rotor
Squirrel-cage rotor

Figure 3: A squirrel-cage rotor

Figure 4: A wound rotor

Figure 5: A rotor steel lamination

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

Construction cont.

Squirrel cage rotor

Series of conducting bars are laid into slots in the
rotor
Conductor bars are made out of copper or Aluminum
End rings short circuit the bars on both ends
Conductor bars

End rings

Figure 7: Arrangement of the conductor bars and short

circuiting rings of a squirrel-cage rotor
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013
6

Principle of Operation
Rotating Magnetic
Field

Figure 8: Sine varying magnetic

fields of the three phases of stator

Figure 9: Vector sum of the three

magnetic fields

1.5

60 f
Synchronous speed = rpm
p

1
0.5
0
-0.5

90

180

270

360

450

540

630

f: power frequency
p: number of pole pairs

-1
-1.5

Figure 10: Three phase sinusoidal voltage

waveforms

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

Principle of Operation cont.

Rotor bars experience a change of flux

linkage due to the rotating magnetic field
According to Faradays Law of induction,
voltages are induced in rotor bars
Circulating currents are flowing through
the short circuited paths
Now, the rotor bars in the magnetic field
are having currents flowing through
them. This exerts forces on rotor bars
that results in a torque
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

Principle of Operation cont.

According to the Lenzs Law, voltages
(above mentioned) are induced in the
rotor bars such that they would
produce currents to oppose the rate of
change of flux.
Thus, the torque on the rotor due to
circulating currents, make the rotor to
follow the rotating magnetic field in
order to neutralize the change of flux
linkage by reducing the relative speed.

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

Principle of Operation cont.

When the rotor speed reaches the
synchronous speed, there wont be
any torque on rotor, thus, the rotor
decelerates.
Consequently, there will be a relative
speed and again torques will be
exerted.
Slip of an induction motor is defined
as,

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

10

Principle of Operation cont.

Three phase supply to the stator winding

Rotating Magnetic Field

Stationary rotor bars experience a
change of flux linkage
Voltages are induced in the rotor bars
according to the Faradays Law and the
Lenzs Law
Circulating currents are flowing through
the short circuited paths
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

11

Principle of Operation cont.

Forces are exerted on rotor bars that
results in a torque. Thus, the rotor
accelerates.
Rotor reaches the synchronous speed;
no relative speed; no change of flux; no
voltages induced, no currents; no
torque.
Rotor decelerates. Then, there is again
a relative speed and again an
accelerating torque is exerted on the
rotor as before.
Practically, the rotor cannot reach the
synchronous speed due to friction and
windage torques, even on no-load
condition.
When loaded, the slip is determined by
the amount of load on the machine.
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

12

Principle of Operation cont.

Rotor Induced Frequency,f r

f r sf
NS Nr
s
Ns

Ns Nr
f r sf
Ns

Ns

60 f
P

P
f N s N r
f

60 f

P
N s N r
fr
60
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

13

Torque-Speed characteristics
Breakdown (pullout)
torque

Torque

Load curve
Starting torque
Pull-up (pull-in)
torque
Operating point

Nr Ns

Ns: Synchronous Speed

Speed

Nr: Rotor speed

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

14

Advantages and Disadvantages

of Induction Motors
Advantages

Disadvantages

Low cost

Speed control is difficult

Robust

Low starting torques

High efficiency

Operate at lagging power

factors

Compact
Very low maintenance
Self starting

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

15

Single phase Induction

Motors
Operate on a single-phase supply
Comprise a single phase winding
Not self-starting

must provide some external means to start

Have fractional-horsepower outputs

Used in heating, cooling and ventilating
systems

Figure 11: Pulsating Magnetic Field

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

16

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Figure 12: Single phase Induction Motors

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

17

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Based on the method used to provide

the stating torque, 1- induction motors
are categorized as follows,
1) Split-phase motor
2) Capacitor-start motor
3) Permanent split-capacitor motor
4) Capacitor-start capacitor-run motor
5) Shaded-pole motor
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

18

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Split-phase motor
Employs 2
connected

separate windings, which are

in parallel to a single-phase source

Main winding
low resistance and high inductance.
carry current and establish flux

Auxiliary winding
high resistance and low inductance
disconnected from the supply when the motor
attains 75% of its synchronous speed

Phase difference between the 2 currents

may be at around 600
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

19

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Figure 13: Split-phase motor schematic

V
IA
IM

Figure 14: Split-phase motor phasor diagram

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

20

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Capacitor-start motor
A capacitor is included in series with the
auxiliary winding

Figure 15: Capacitor-start motor

schematic

Figure 16: Capacitor-start motor phasor diagram

and the two phase rotating magnetic field

Capacitor can be chosen such that main winding

current lags the auxiliary current by exactly 900.
EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

21

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Shaded Pole Motor

Auxiliary winding is in the form of a copper
ring (around the salient poles)
Simple construction, least expensive
The direction of rotation is from the un-shaded
side to the shaded (ring) side of the pole

Figure 17: Shaded Pole Motor schematic

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August
2013

22

Single phase Induction Motors

cont.

Can be ranked from best to worst as

follows
Capacitor start capacitor run motor
Capacitor start motor
Permanent split capacitor motor
Split phase motor
Shaded pole motor

Higher the rank, more the cost

All types are not available for all
capacities

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

23

References

http://emadrlc.blogspot.com/2012/07/three-phase-wound-rotor-inductionmotor.html

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wirnik_by_Zureks.jpg

http://gator-stator.en.made-in-china.com/

http://www.fieldlines.com/index.php?topic=131925.0

http://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/4628628/single_phase_induction_motor.ht
ml

EE2802 Applied Electricity, August

2013

24