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WASTE

MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION

Medical waste is any waste generated


at any medical facility. It may consists of
pathological waste, infectious waste,
hazardous waste and general waste.
These waste are generated at hospitals,
health care facility and laboratories.
CONCEPTS
• Medical wastes should be
managed though a path
way that includes :
• Generation
• Segregation
• Collection
• Storage
• Transport
• Treatment and disposal
5 – Step Cycle
OBJECTIVE
• Reduce risk and liabilities: decision to
reduce and manage risks should be
documented in policies
• Control costs
– It deserves careful evaluation
• Plan for future
– Disposal
Flow Chart
Classification

• Waste is classified into: Hazardous


waste and Non hazardous waste

• Hazardous waste pose a health risk to


the patients

• Non hazardous waste is general waste


[80-85%]
Contd…
• Hazardous health care may be
categorized into:
– Infectious (non-sharp waste)

– Sharps

– Pharmaceutical and chemical wastes

– Other hazardous wastes (cytotoxic and


radioactive wastes)
INFECTIOUS WASTE
• Solid surgical dressings, cotton , wool, gloves,
plasters, bandaging, cloth and wiping materials
• Materials other than reusable linen (blood, urine,
stools)
• Pathological waste including human tissues, limbs,
body parts, body parts, placenta, human fetuses and
tissues from lab
• Waste arising from lab (pathology, hematology,
microbiology, histology) and postmortem room
waste
SHARPS
• This include mainly discarded syringes,
needles, broken glass, scalpel, blades and
other sharp instruments that could cause a
cut or puncture and could be infected.
PHARMACEUTICAL
• It includes expired drugs, vaccines, and
sera and also expired drugs returned from
wards, drugs that has been spilled or
contaminated.
CHEMICAL WASTE
• Arises from a variety of sources but occurs
primarily in waste from clinical laboratories
and associated services.
• It comprises of discarded solid, liquid, and
gaseous chemical
• Eg: diagnostic, cleaning, housekeeping
Contd…
• Pressurized containers include
compressed gas cylinders, aerosols
cans, and disposable compressed gas
containers.

• Cytotoxic waste includes expired drugs


and materials (towels, tubings, swabs,
sharps) contaminated with cytotoxic
substances during preparation and
administration of cytotoxic drug therapy
• Radioactive waste includes solids,
liquids, and gaseous waste
contaminated with radio nuclides
generated from in vitro analysis of body
tissues and fluids in vivo body imaging
and tumor localization.
NON HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Includes general domestic type waste:
such as household type waste from offices
corridors, public areas, supplies
department, eg: newspaper, letters,
packing materials, plastic bags, food
wrappings, metal cans, floor sweepings.
• Kitchen waste: food waste, swills, etc.
WASTE MINIMIZATION
• It is an essential component of all
institutional waste management plan as a
commitment to managing institutional risks

• Need to preserve total landfill capacity

• Desire to reduce environmental impact


WASTE MINIMIZATION
METHODS
• Reducing the amount of materials used
• Reducing the amount of waste generated
• Recycling and reuse
• Volume reduction techniques; steam
sterilization, gas sterilization)
• Energy recovering techniques:
(incineration with boilers)
HANDLING
• Different categories of waste should be
placed in different waste
containers/bags.

• Rigid, semi rigid, non rigid (bags) are


used

• Moisture proof and non transparent .

• Colour coding and emblem coded tags


• Sealable to prevent leakage

• For sharps and needles hard containers are


used

• Trolley, carts are used for waste transportation

• For radioactive waste autoclave bags are used


which allow steam to penetrate and sterilize.
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
• Incineration

• Landfill

• Discharge to sewers

• Sterilization/ disinfection.
Treatment and disposal methods by
categories of health care waste
Waste Preferred method Other options
category
Infectious Incineration Landfill after
waste sterilization
Sharps Contaminated sharps by Landfill after
incineration sterilization
Pharmaceutical Expired medicines by Landfill with
waste returning them to secured
suppliers or by contamination
incinerators
Contaminated waste by
incineration
Chemical Unused chemicals by Hazardous
waste returning them to chemicals by
suppliers non – onsite treatment
recyclable by landfill

Pressurized Large containers (gas Never to be


containers cylinders) by returning incinerated
them to suppliers

General Disposal as household


wastes waste by landfill
Administrative and economic
aspects
• Cost effectiveness is an essential factor. It
comprises of
– Initial capital investment
– Operating and material cost
– Maintenance and repair cost
– Energy equipments
– Contractual cost
– Overhead cost

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