Oracle ch2

Chapter 2
Connecting to Oracle 11g

and
Basic SQL SELECT Statements
Jason C.H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business, Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA 99258 USA
chen@jepson.gonzaga.edu
Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)
Objectives
Learn how to connect to Oracle 11g (client/server and
Personal)
Create the initial database
Learn database objects and SQL commands and components
Identify keywords, mandatory clauses, and optional clauses in
a SELECT statement
Select and view one/all columns of a table
Display multiple columns of a table
Use a column alias to clarify the contents of a particular
column
Perform basic arithmetic operations in the SELECT clause
Remove duplicate lists using either the DISTINCT or
UNIQUE keyword
Use concatenation to combine fields, literals, and other data
Connect to Oracle 11g

There are two ways connecting to and working
with Oracle 11g
SQL Plus
a command driven facility
SQL Developer
a GUI facility
Indicate the following link to include java.exe (use Browse):
c:\program Files\java\jdk1.6.0\bin\java.exe
Connect to Oracle 11g using

SQL Plus
type exit
to quit the
system
Figure 2-1 SQL*Plus Interface

SQL Developer for the first time
When asked if you

like to migrate
settings, You click on
No

SQL Developer for the first time
Sometimes you need to do the following
(also available on the Installation Guide on Bb)
Now run SQL Developer. You will be prompted to enter
the pathname for your newly installed Java JDK program.
If the program was installed in C and you run a 64-bit
version of Windows, the destination will be as follows:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Java\jdk1.6.0_26\bin\java.exe. If
not you click Browse and find the Java program yourself,
just make sure you point to the JDK version not the JRE.

SQL Developer
Figure 2-2 SQL Developer Interface

SQL Developer
click on
Complete the information on the Database Connection Screen
jepson-oracle
#1
sbaora11
#2

Personal SQL Developer
click on TNS
(password is created during the Oracle installation)

Complete the information on the Database Connection Screen

(Personal Oracle 11g)
YOUR TURN
How to Access Your Oracle11g Account
User Name: <your lastname>
Password: <> <BMIS441> [case sensitive]
jepson-oracle
sbaora11
12
drag, if output screen

not displayed
Database Objects and Queries

An Oracle database consists of multiple user accounts
Each user account owns database objects
Tables
Views
Stored programs, etc.
Query: command to perform operation on database

object
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Industry standard query language for most of relational
databases
Consists of about 30 commands
14
Basic SQL Concepts and Commands

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to
manipulate the database.
There are two basic types of SQL commands:

Data Definition Language (DDL)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DDL commands work with the structure of the objects

(tables, indexes, views) in the database.
DML commands work with the data in the database

(i.e.,manipulate the data).
Reserved words - SQL command words
SQL Components
ORACLE
(SQL Components)
DDL
DML
D.B.
DCL
(Create Table structure
and insert database)
16
DDL Commands
Used to create and modify the structure of
database objects
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
GRANT
REVOKE
DDL commands execute as soon as they are

issued, and do not need to be explicitly saved
17
DML Commands
Used to insert, view, and modify database data
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
SELECT
DML commands need to be explicitly saved or

rolled back
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
18
Create the JustLee Database

Use the provided script to create the
database so you can follow the chapter
examples
Verify table contents (structure) using the
DESCRIBE command
19
Scripts
Scripts are simply files that contain a sequence of
SQL and/or PL/SQL commands that can be
executed in SQL*Plus.
Note:
SQL and PL/SQL(to be introduced) are two
languages Oracle uses.
SQL*Plus is the tool we use to access Oracle.
SQL*Plus can execute both SQL and PL/SQL
commands plus it has its own commands.
20
Class Exercise
Create a new folder on c:\ as follows:
c:\oradata\chapter2
Download all files in chapter 2 from Bb (under
Course Documents) into c:\oradata\chapter2\
Logon to SQL*Plus and type the following
command (not on SQL Developer)
SQL> start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sql
or,
SQL> @ c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sql
SQL> SELECT * FROM publisher;
21
Class Exercise (continued)

A table name only can be created once and
saved in the current database. Therefore, if
you re-do the previous start command you
will receive error message.
To avoid the problem, you need DROP the
tables from the database before those tables
(using the same names) are recreated.
Type the following command for
SQL> start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Drop.sql
SQL> SELECT * FROM publisher;
22
Installing Personal Oracle11g

I created a Discussion Questions on the Bb for you to
share (or post question) your experience on installation of
Oracle 11g. Please participate and it will be also your
part of class performance.
Please note that if your computer with 64-bit operating

system such as Windows 7, you cant use the bundled
DVD to install Oracle since it is for 32-bit OS. Rather
you need to download 64-bit Oracle 11g from the Oracle
site (www.oracle.com) or type in keyword search of
Oracle 11g download.
23
How to verify Created Tables and their Structure?
Figure 2-3 List of existing (created) tables
Figure 2-3 List the structure of the BOOKS table
Also try to type the same commands on SQL>

SELECT Statement Syntax

SELECT statements are used to retrieve data from
the database
A SELECT statement is referred to as a query
Syntax gives the basic structure, or rules, for a
command
Optional clauses and keywords are shown in
brackets
25
SELECT Statement Syntax (continued)
Figure 2-5 Syntax for the SELECT statement
SELECT and FROM clauses are required

SELECT clause identifies column(s)
FROM clause identifies table(s)
Each clause begins with a keyword
Selecting All Data in a Table

Substitute an asterisk for the column names in a
SELECT clause
Figure 2-6 Command to select all data in a table

Selecting One Column from a Table

Enter column name in SELECT clause
-- CASE is not sensitive
-- chapter 2, Figure 2-8; p. 34
SELECT TITLE FROM BOOKS;
SELECT title from books;
SELECT title FROM books;
SELECT TITLE
FROM BOOKS;
Figure 2-7 Command to select in a single column

Selecting Multiple Columns from a Table

Separate column names with a comma
SELECT pubdate, title
FROM books;
Figure 2-10 Reversed column sequence in the
SELECT clause
Figure 2-9 Command to select multiple columns from a table

Operations within the SELECT Statement
Column alias can be used for column headings

Perform arithmetic operations
Suppress duplicates
Concatenate data
List the alias after the column heading

AS keyword is optional
Enclose in double quotation marks:
If it contains blank space(s)
If it contains special symbol(s)
To retain case
30
Column Alias Example
Figure 2-11 Using a column alias

Figure 2-12 Using a column alias without

the AS keyword
31
Using Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic operations
Executed left to right

Multiplication and division are solved first
Addition and subtraction are solved last
Override order with parentheses
32
Example Arithmetic Operation with

Column Alias
Figure 2-13 Using a column alias for an arithmetic expression

33
Figure 2-14 NULL values in the Discount column
The following output is from SQL>

SQL> select * from books;
ISBN
TITLE
PUBDATE
PUBID
COST
---------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------- ---------RETAIL DISCOUNT CATEGORY
---------- ---------- -----------1059831198 BODYBUILD IN 10 MINUTES A DAY 21-JAN-05
30.95
FITNESS
0401140733 REVENGE OF MICKEY
22
FAMILY LIFE
14-DEC-05
18.75
14.2
4981341710 BUILDING A CAR WITH TOOTHPICKS 18-MAR-06

59.95
3 CHILDREN
37.8
8843172113 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION

55.95
COMPUTER
04-JUN-03
31.4
3437212490 COOKING WITH MUSHROOMS

19.95
COOKING
28-FEB-04
12.5
3957136468 HOLY GRAIL OF ORACLE

75.95
3.8 COMPUTER
31-DEC-05
47.25
Question: How can we improve the output?

(see chapter 2, Figure 2-14(b) on Ch2Queries.sql)
We will learn it later and more in the later chapters.
Using DISTINCT and UNIQUE

Enter DISTINCT or UNIQUE after SELECT keyword to suppress duplicates
-- without DISTINCT
SELECT state
FROM customers;
SQL> SELECT state FROM customers;
ST
-FL
CA
FL
ID
WA
NY
TX
WY
CA
GA
IL
MA
FL
WY
FL
CA
MI
GA
NJ
NJ
20 rows selected.
Figure 2-16 List of unduplicated states for customers
More example
SELECT DISTINCT state, city
FROM customers;
Figure 2-17 Unduplicated list of cities for customers

Using Concatenation
You can combine data
with a string literal
Use the concatenation
operator, ||
It allows the use of
column aliases
Figure 2-18 Concatenation of two columns
38
Concatenation Examples with Alternate name
Figure 2-219 Using a string literal in concatenation

Figure 2-20 Using a column alias for concatenated values

39
The following output is from SQL>

SQL> select * from books;
ISBN
TITLE
PUBDATE
PUBID
COST
---------- ------------------------------ --------- ---------- ---------RETAIL DISCOUNT CATEGORY
---------- ---------- -----------1059831198 BODYBUILD IN 10 MINUTES A DAY 21-JAN-05
30.95
FITNESS
0401140733 REVENGE OF MICKEY
22
FAMILY LIFE
14-DEC-05
18.75
14.2
4981341710 BUILDING A CAR WITH TOOTHPICKS 18-MAR-06

59.95
3 CHILDREN
37.8
8843172113 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION

55.95
COMPUTER
04-JUN-03
31.4
3437212490 COOKING WITH MUSHROOMS

19.95
COOKING
28-FEB-04
12.5
3957136468 HOLY GRAIL OF ORACLE

75.95
3.8 COMPUTER
31-DEC-05
47.25
Question: How can we produce a readable output format?

Formatting Output in SQL*Plus

To change default column headings:
Specify alternate column headings: SELECT fieldname1
"heading1_text", fieldname2 "heading2_text", ...
Use an alias for column headings: SELECT fieldname1 AS
alias_name1...
Use column statement
To change SQL*Plus line and page size settings
Select Options/Environment on menu bar
Modify linesize and pagesize to desired values
You may also type the following commands at SQL>
SQL> SET LINESIZE 80
SQL> SET PAGESIZE 45
Please download chapter 14 (pdf file on Bb) for more

commands on formatting output.
41
Advanced SQL Commands

clear screen;
column <fieldname> format a15 wrap
column <fieldname> format a15 word
column <fieldname> format a20 heading description for the field
column <fieldname> format a15 truncate
column <fieldname> format $999.99
-- note: default is wrap
-- formatting output (try it on the SQL>)
-- chapter 2, Figure 2-14(b); p. 41
clear screen
SET LINESIZE 80
SET PAGESIZE 45
column title format a12 heading 'Book Title' WORD
column PubID format 99 heading 'ID'
column Cost format $999.99
column retail format $999.99
SELECT *
FROM books;
Here is a better output after formatting output:

ISBN
Book Title
---------- -----------1059831198 BODYBUILD IN
10 MINUTES
A DAY
0401140733 REVENGE OF M
ICKEY
4981341710 BUILDING A C
AR WITH TOOT
HPICKS
8843172113 DATABASE IMP
LEMENTATION
3437212490 COOKING WITH
MUSHROOMS
3957136468 HOLY GRAIL O
F ORACLE
1915762492 HANDCRANKED
COMPUTERS
9959789321 E-BUSINESS T
HE EASY WAY
2491748320 PAINLESS CHI
LD-REARING
0299282519 THE WOK WAY
TO COOK
8117949391 BIG BEAR AND
LITTLE DOVE
0132149871 HOW TO GET F
ASTER PIZZA
9247381001 HOW TO MANAG
E THE MANAGE
R
ISBN
Book Title
---------- -----------2147428890 SHORTEST POE
MS
PUBDATE
ID
COST
RETAIL
DISCOUNT CATEGORY
--------- --- -------- -------- ---------- -----------21-JAN-05
4
$18.75
$30.95
FITNESS
14-DEC-05
$14.20
$22.00
FAMILY LIFE
18-MAR-06
$37.80
$59.95
3 CHILDREN
04-JUN-03
$31.40
$55.95
COMPUTER
28-FEB-04
$12.50
$19.95
COOKING
31-DEC-05
$47.25
$75.95
3.8 COMPUTER
21-JAN-05
$21.80
$25.00
COMPUTER
01-MAR-06
$37.90
$54.50
COMPUTER
17-JUL-04
$48.00
$89.95
4.5 FAMILY LIFE
11-SEP-04
$19.00
$28.75
COOKING
08-NOV-05
$5.32
$8.95
11-NOV-06
$17.85
$29.95
09-MAY-03
$15.40
$31.95
CHILDREN
1.5 SELF HELP
BUSINESS
PUBDATE
ID
COST
RETAIL
DISCOUNT CATEGORY
--------- --- -------- -------- ---------- -----------01-MAY-05
5
$21.85
$39.95
LITERATURE
14 rows selected.
Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as *.sql file

Step 1. Create SQL commands using Notepad
Step 2. Click File then Save As..
Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as *.sql file (cont.)

Step 3. Save AS Screen
Step 4. Change from Text Document ( *.txt) to

All Files (*.*) on Save as type box
Instruction on Creating a Script file and save as *.sql file (cont.)

Step 5. Enter a right file name (Oracle_Ch2_Chen_Jason.sql)
Then spool it onto the file of Oracle_ch2_Spool_Chen_Jason.txt

How?
See next
Break !
Hands-On Assignments
In class exercise (p.54)
- #2
- see spool instruction on the next slide
HW
(Odd numbers only (pp.54-55), but do #1 at the end as it will affect the
rest of problems)
- run the following two commands:
Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Drop.sql
Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sql
Output should be formatted in a very good manner.
Scripting file name: Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql
Spooled file name: Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt
Email me with the spooled file using attachment to:

with subject title of
bmis441_Oracle_ch2
Homework - Hands-On Assignments

Email me with one attachment
(Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:
bmis441_Oracle_ch2
Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 2
1. Run two script files: JLDB_Drop.sql and
JLDB_Build.sql
2. Read Oracle assignment and create a script file
Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql for odd number
questions on Hands-on Assignments. Use appropriate
COLUMN statements to produce readable outputs
3. Execute and test one problem a time (do #1 at the
end, why?) and make sure they are all running
successfully. Include class and personal information.
4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide
for spooling instructions) and email the file
(Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt) to me by the
midnight before the next class. Turn in a hardcopy to
me in the class.
How to Spool your Script and Output Files

After you tested the script file of Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql successfully,
follow the instructions below to spool both script and output files:
Step 0. Run the following two script files from SQL*Plus (since you have
created JLDB tables)
Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Drop.sql
Start c:\oradata\chapter2\JLDB_Build.sql
1. type the following on SQL>

Spool c:\oradata\Oracle_ch2_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure your name is entered)
2. open Oracle_ch2_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested

3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the
SQL*PLUS
4. type Spool Off on the SQL>
The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands and
their solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\ folder)
Email me the spooled file (.txt) with attachment to:
bmis441_Oracle_ch2
49
Summary
A basic query in Oracle 11g SQL includes the
SELECT and FROM clauses, the only mandatory
clauses in a SELECT statement
To view all columns in the table, specify an
asterisk (*) or list all of the column names
individually in the SELECT clause
To display a specific column or set of columns,
list the column names in the SELECT clause (in
the order in which you want them to appear)
When listing column names in the SELECT
clause, a comma must separate column names
50
Summary (continued)
A column alias can be used to clarify the contents
of a particular column; if the alias contains
spaces or special symbols, or if you want to
display the column with any lowercase letters,
you must enclose the column alias in double
quotation marks (" ")
Indicate the table name following the FROM
keyword
Basic arithmetic operations can be performed in
the SELECT clause
NULL values indicate an absence of a value
51
Summary (continued)
To remove duplicate listings, include either the
DISTINCT or UNIQUE keyword
To specify which table contains the desired
columns, you must list the name of the table after
the keyword FROM
Use vertical bars (||) to combine, or

concatenate, fields, literals, and other data
52
52

Oracle ch2

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Chapter 2

Connecting to Oracle 11g

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Connect to Oracle 11g

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Connect to Oracle 11g using

Figure 2-1 SQL*Plus Interface

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Connect to Oracle 11g using

When asked if you

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Connect to Oracle 11g using

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Connect to Oracle 11g using

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Figure 2-2 SQL Developer Interface

Connect to Oracle 11g using

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Complete the information on the Database Connection Screen

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Connect to Oracle 11g using

(password is created during the Oracle installation)

Complete the information on the Database Connection Screen

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

drag, if output screen

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Database Objects and Queries

Query: command to perform operation on database

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Basic SQL Concepts and Commands

There are two basic types of SQL commands:

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DDL commands work with the structure of the objects

DML commands work with the data in the database

DDL commands execute as soon as they are

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

DML commands need to be explicitly saved or

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Create the JustLee Database

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Class Exercise (continued)

Installing Personal Oracle11g

Please note that if your computer with 64-bit operating

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

How to verify Created Tables and their Structure?

Figure 2-3 List of existing (created) tables

Figure 2-3 List the structure of the BOOKS table

Also try to type the same commands on SQL>

SELECT Statement Syntax

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

SELECT Statement Syntax (continued)

Figure 2-5 Syntax for the SELECT statement

SELECT and FROM clauses are required

Dr. Chen, Business Database Systems (Oracle)

Selecting All Data in a Table

Figure 2-6 Command to select all data in a table

Selecting One Column from a Table

Figure 2-7 Command to select in a single column

Selecting Multiple Columns from a Table

Figure 2-9 Command to select multiple columns from a table