Biomedical Waste Managment

Submitted To:
RGITBT Bharti Vidhayapeeth

Submitted By:
Prashant Dwivedi, Lakshmi vijayan
,Prathika Pramod ,Roshni saha

Pune

Msc Biotechnology

Introduction
Bio-medical

waste, generated from a number of health care unit, is

imparted necessary treatment reduce adverse effect that this waste may
pose.
Installation of individual treatment facilities by small health care unit
requires comparatively high capital investment. In addition, it requires
separate man power and infrastructure development for proper operation
and maintenance of treatment system.
A common bio medical waste treatment facilities is used for treatment
and disposal of BMW.
The concept of CBWTF not only addresses cost related problems
proliferation of treatment equipments in a city.
By running the treatment equipments at CBWTF its full capacity the
cost of treatment of per kilogram gets significantly reduced

Categories of bio-medical waste:Option

Cat. No. 1

Treatment & Disposal

Incineration /deep burial

Waste Category
Human Anatomical Waste

Cat. No. 2

Incineration /deep burial

Animal Waste Animal tissues, organs,

Body parts carcasses, bleeding parts.

Cat. No. 3

Local autoclaving/ micro waving/

incineration
Disinfections (chemical
treatment /autoclaving/micro
waving and mutilation shredding
Incineration / destruction & drugs
disposal in secured landfills

Microbiology & Biotechnology waste

Cat. No. 6

Incineration , autoclaving/micro
waving

Solid Waste

Cat. No. 7

Disinfections by chemical
treatment autoclaving/micro
waving& mutilation shredding.

Solid Waste

Cat. No. 4

Cat. No. 5

Waste Sharps

Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic

drugs

Categories of bio-medical waste:-

Cat. No. 8

Option

Cat. No. 9
Cat. No. 10

Treatment & Disposal

Disinfections by chemical
treatment and discharge
into drain

Waste Category
Liquid Waste

Disposal in municipal
landfill
Chemical treatment &
discharge into drain for
liquid & secured landfill
for solids

Incineration Ash
Chemical Waste

Color coding & type of container for disposal of biomedical waste:Color Coding

Type of Containers

Waste Category

Treatment Options as per Schedule 1

Yellow

Plastic bag

1,2,3,6

Incineration/deep burial

Red

Disinfected Container/
Plastic bag

3,6,7

Autoclaving/Micro waving/ Chemical

Treatment

Blue/ White translucent

Plastic bag/puncture
proof container

4,7

Autoclaving/Micro waving/ chemical

treatment and destruction/shredding

Black

Plastic bag

5,9,10 (Solid)

Disposal in secured landfill

LABEL FOR BIO-MEDICAL WASTE CONTAINERS/BAGS:-

Biomedical Waste Management Process

1. Incinerator
2. Autoclaving
3. Shredding
4. Biomedical Waste

Incinerator
The incinerators are fuel fired )gas or oil( systems and their platforms are designed according to
capacity.
10-100 kg/hr range uses rectangular platform, the 100-250 kg/hr range uses the cylindrical platform and

range for over 250 kg/hr uses rotary kiln platform

Temperature 900-1000

Autoclaving
All disposable lab ware contaminated with potentially biohazardous materials .
Contaminated Pasteur pipettes should be disposed of in sharps container or autoclaved
and discarded in a glass disposal box.
Autoclave at 121C for 60 minutes.

Shredding
Shredders are used to destroy plastic and paper waste to
prevent their reuse.
After autoclaving the plastic waste is sent to the shredder.
The shredded waste is sold out to authorized plastic molding
units.
Maintenance costs is high.

The Diablo machine by AU+T Click here to enlarge image

Biological Waste
Biological waste is defined as infectious waste, pathological waste, chemotherapy waste
and the receptacles and supplies generated during its handling and/or storage.
It is further defined as waste that, because of its quantity, character or composition, has
been determined to require special handling.
Biological waste must not be allowed to accumulate.

Survey
Beds

Waste

Infectious
waste

Plastic Waste Final

disposal

540

500 Kg

10%

Sold without
shredding

Sent to off
site facility

1296

735 Kg

9%

Picked up by
rag pickers

Onsite
incineration

223

180 Kg

10%

Mutilated and Sent to off

sold
site facility

1047

821 Kg/day

15.3%

Shredded &
sold

Onsite
incineration

Cost of biomedical waste management capital cost

Capital cost

A hos

B hos

C hos

D hos

Plastic drums

54000

52650

20260

45580

Metal drums for

kerb sites

Same are being

used

Same are being

used

9000

33600

Protective gear
for waste
handlers

1000

1584

1000

21250

Syringe and
needle destroyers

9500

24000

136000

48000

Plastic shredder

180000
(10-20 Kg/hr)

Hand carts

20000

23500

9000

40000

Weighing scale

500

Not being used

1000

3250

Discussion
Comparison of Four hospitals studied in terms of bed strength,
waste generation, method of final disposal etc. has been tabulated
in Table 1
Total cost of BMW management at each hospital in terms of
capital
cost and recurring expenditure is depicted in Table 2.
Plastic waste receptacles of different colour codes were being used
in other non Govt hospitals without any consideration of rules.
This city has implemented common regional facility for final
disposal of biomedical waste generated by health care
establishments
Municipal Corporation / State Pollution Control Board checks
only common waste facility

Recommendations
1. After analysing the results of the study it was felt that there is an urgent need to
standardise the infrastructural requirement so that hospitals following BMW handling
rules meticulously do not suffer additional costs.
2. Hospitals having defunct / defective incinerators should be made to utilise central
incineration facility as efforts of Govt are towards reducing the number of
incinerators in cities to prevent rise in air pollution.
3. Small health care establishments in city which have still not registered with central
facility should be encouraged to register thereby bringing down the operating cost of
contractor and decrease the cost of incineration per kg.
4. Govt hospitals which at present are totally left on their own, should be brought into
net of rigorous checking as far as BMW management is concerned and a corpus
grant can be allotted to them to improve their infrastructural requirements for which
provision exists in Govt of India Rules.
5. Community is utilising the services of hospitals and by Polluter Pays principle, it
needs to contribute in building infrastructure for BMW mgt. This contribution can be
in the form of assistance in sharing the cost of consumables and capital cost of BMW
mgt by Municipality, State Govt, Public bodies and Voluntary bodies like Rotary
Club etc.

Biomedical waste management issues

Segregation of biomedical waste is not done seriously at the user
level.
Clinical waste dumped with non infectious waste
Large volumes of plastics and common medical waste are incerinated
there is increased potential for release of reformed gases and
carcinogenic gases like Dioxins and Furans
Safety of handlers is a big concern which is not addressed
adequately.

Hospital A

Hospital C

Primary Storage

Officers colony

Primary Storage

Incineration

Addressing of the issues

Need to build- up comprehensive mechanism,addressing
responsiblities,resource allocation, handling and disposal.
Quality assessment of waste management should done from time to time.
Toxic compounds such as dioxins and furans are adsorbed on the fly ash, both
by physical adsorption and chemisorption, in these post combustion sections,
provided the temperature in these sections is sufficiently cool, generally below
752 F.. More toxin per unit weight of fly ash is adsorbed on the finer fly ash
particles, as these have a greater surface area per unit weight than the larger
particles.
Awareness among the handlers must be provided so as to make them know the
serious of mishandling and safety measures to be taken while handling these
wastes