CS & PS KPI Training

-Location update
-Paging success rate
-Attached success rate
-PDP success rate
SMS success rate
MMS Success rate

GSM Network Structure

MS, BSS and NSS

Meaning of Network Element

MS _ Carried by subscriber it consist of

ME (Mobile Equipment)
SIM (Subscriber identity module) it contain the customer related
information ( identification, secret key for authentication)

BSS _ control radio links with mobile station it consist of

BTS (base trans receiver station) it define a cell and is responsible to
establish the radio link with MS
BSC( Base station controller )it controls multiple BTSs and manage radio
channel set up and handovers .BSC is the connection between BTS and
MSC

NSS

NSS network element

NSS _ Network and switching subsystem (NSS)

mobility management and switching of calls between mobile use and fixed network it consist of
MSC is the central component of NSS
. Operate all switching function for mobile, Many BSC can belong to one MSC
. Manages the location of mobile
. Switches call
. Manages security features
. Control hand overs between BSCs
. Collect call billing data and send to billing center
. Collect traffic statistic for performance monitoring
HLR _ contains all subscriber information for the purposes of call control and location determination
it is a central master database containing user data, permanent
VLR _it is a temporarily storage , including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
AUC _ is a protection database that stores the security information for each subscriber ( a copy of
the secret key is stored in the SIM) which is used for authentication and encryption over the radio
channel
EIR _is a database that contains a list of all valid mobile Equipment on the network where each
mobile is identified by its international mobile equipment IMEI . An IMEI is marked as invalid if it has
been reported storen or not type approved

Location update (LU)

Location update is the procedure that allows a mobile device to inform the network when it moves from one
location to the next , when switching on or off the phone and register for the fist time
Types of location update

IMSI attached / detached

Normal Location update
Periodic Location update
Normal location updating
MS has to do a location update in new location area when it crosses a LAC border.
IMSI attach location updating procedure
When mobile switch ON it has to do a location update
When moving from non coverage area to a coverage area MS has to do a location update if LAC is
different from stored LAC
When mobile switch OFF it has to detached from the network

Periodic location updating

The network has to do a periodic location updates to update the subscribers in each location area.

Paging

Challenges
Poor signal
No network coverage
MS status

Paging:

For what the paging is used?

Used to alert the mobile station of an incoming call.
Paging is a procedure the network uses to find out a subscriber's location before actual call
establishment.
Paging is a separate procedure used in the case of a Mobile Terminated Call for Mobile Subscriber
searching. Paging is initiated by the NSS and is based on the Location Registration information the
Mobile Subscriber has supplied when performing the Location Update.
Challenges
Phone switched off
Out of network
Lack of resources PCH
Link issues

Location u[date process

when the LU requests is received by the new VLR authentication is performed

If authentication is successful the VLR check its database to determine whether it has a record for the MS
subscription
When VLR find no record for MS it send a request to the subscribes HLR for a copy of the MS subscription
The hlr passes the information to the VLR and updates its locaton infotmation for the subs. The HLR
instructs the old VLR to delete the information it has about the ms subsripton

Call Process
Mobile Originating Call MOC

1. Channel Request: The MS requests for the allocation of a dedicated signaling channel to perform the call setup.
2. After allocation of a signaling channel the request for MOC call setup, included the TMSI (IMSI) and the last LAI,
is forwarded to the VLR
3. The VLR requests the AC via HLR for Triples (if necessary).
4. The VLR initiates Authentication, Cipher start, IMEI check (optional) and TMSI Re-allocation (optional).
5. If all this procedures have been successful, MS sends the Setup information (number of requested subscriber and
detailed service description) to the MSC.
6. The MSC requests the VLR to check from the subscriber data whether the requested service an number can be
handled (or if there are restrictions which do not allow further proceeding of the call setup)
7. If the VLR indicates that the call should be proceeded, the MSC commands the BSC to assign a Traffic Channel (i.e.
resources for speech data transmission) to the MS
8. The BSC assigns a Traffic Channel TCH to the MS
9. The MSC sets up the connection to requested number (called party).
Remark: This MOC as well as the MTC described in the following describes only the principles of an MOC / MTC,
not the detailed signaling flow.

Call Setup Success Rate KPI

Mobile terminated call

Mobile termited call MT
Paging the Mobile Station
The MSC/VLR then orders all of its BSCs and BTSs to page the MS. Since
the MSC/VLR does not know exactly which BSC and BTS the MS is
monitoring, the page will be sent out across the entire Location Area.
Initial Setup
The MS receives the Page Request (PAG_REQ) on the PCH. The MS
recognizes that the page is intended for it, based on a TMSI or an IMSI.
The MS sends a Channel Request (CHAN_REQ) message on the RACH.
Call Establishment
Once the user answers the call (by pressing the send button), the MS will
send a Connect CON message to the MSC. The Connect message is
forwarded back to the caller's switch to activate the call.
The MSC sends a Connect Acknowledge CON_ACK message to the MS and
the call is established.

GPRS

GPRS

The main new network architecture entities that are needed are:
SGSN: GPRS Support Node - this forms a gateway to the services within the network.
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node which forms the gateway to the outside world.
PCU: Packet Control Unit which differentiates whether data is to be routed to the packet switched or
circuit switched networks.
VGS_ Valua Groth Service

SGSN

The SGSN or Serving GPRS Support Node element of the GPRS network provides a number of takes
focused on the IP elements of the overall system. It provides a variety of services to the mobiles:
Packet routing and transfer
Mobility management
Attach/detach
Logical link management
Authentication
Charging data
There is a location register within the SGSN and this stores location information (e.g., current cell, current
VLR). It also stores the user profiles (e.g., IMSI, packet addresses used) for all the GPRS users registered
with the particular SGSN.

GPRS

GGSN

The GGSN, Gateway GPRS Support Node is one of the most important entities within the
GPRS network architecture.
The GGSN organizes the interworking between the GPRS network and external packet
switched networks to which the mobiles may be connected. These may include both Internet
The GGSN can be considered to be a combination of a gateway, router and firewall as it hides
the internal network to the outside. In operation, when the GGSN receives data addressed to
a specific user, it checks if the user is active, then forwarding the data. In the opposite
direction, packet data from the mobile is routed to the right destination network by the
GGSN.
PCU
The PCU or Packet Control Unit is a hardware router that is added to the BSC. It differentiates
data destined for the standard GSM network (circuit switched data) and data destined for the
GPRS network (Packet Switched Data). The PCU itself may be a separate physical entity, or
more often these days it is incorporated into the base station controller, BSC, thereby saving
additional hardware costs.

GPRS ATTACHED

In order for the GPRS MS to receive or transmit data the end user needs to perform a two-step procedure,
GPRS attach and PDP context activation

GPRS attach mean?

GPRS attach means that the mobile phone is registered to a GPRS network. GPRS attach is also allowing
mobility i.e. the network is keeping track of the mobile movements. In addition, the mobile is
authenticated and ciphering is enabled
At GPRS attach a logical link is established between MS and SGSN, the GPRS attachment procedure
When a MS is turned on, the first function it performs is a GPRS attach
GSM access authentication (towards Home Network, HLR (Authentication Center))
User profile is downloaded from HLR to the serving SGSN
When the GPRS attach is complete, the MS is physically connected to the visited network

Packet Data Protocal (PDP) context activation

Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation
After the GPRS Attach procedure is over, the terminal is pre-prepared for the data
communication.
So when terminal wants to start the communication it must establish a Packet Data
Protocol Context (PDP context).

GPRS PDP Context flow

GPRS
Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation
The MS sends an Activate PDP Context Request (PDP Type, PDP Address, Access
Point Name, QoS Requested, PDP Configuration Options) to the SGSN, to indicate
whether the MS will use a static or a dynamic PDP addresses. The SGSN checks the
user subscription.

The SGSN sends a Create_PDP_Context_Request message to GGSN. The activation

creates a tunnel/logical link between a PDP context in the SGSN and a PDP context in
the GGSN. The GGSN obtains the IP address from the external data network, and is
forwarded to the MS. If the GGSN replies to the SGSN with a positive
Create_PDP_Context_Response message, the SGSN activates the PDP context and is
ready to forward packets between the MS and the GGSN.

The GGSN returns an Activate PDP Context Accept to the MS. After the PDP context
activation, a connection between the MS and the external data network is
established. The SGSN is ready to route and charge for packets delivered (GGSN<>MS).

GPRS Interfaces and meaning

Um between an MS and the GPRS fixed network part. The Um is the access interface the MS uses to
access the GPRS network. The radio interface to the BTS is the same interface used by the existing GSM
network with some GPRS specific changes.
Gb between a SGSN and a BSS. The Gb interface carries the GPRS traffic and signalling between the GSM
radio network (BSS) and the GPRS network. Frame Relay based network services is used for this interface
Gr between an SGSN and the HLR. The Gr gives the SGSN access to subscriber information in the HLR. The
HLR can be located in a different PLMN than the SGSN (MAP).
Ga between the GSNs and the CG inside the same PLMN. The Ga provides a data and signalling interface.
This interface is used for sending the charging data records generated by GSNs to the CG. The protocol
used is GTP', an enhanced version of GTP.
Gs between a SGSN and a MSC. The SGSN can send location data to the MSC or receive paging requests
from the MSC via this optional interface. The Gs interface will greatly improve the effectiveness of the
radio and network resources in the combined GSM/GPRS network. This interface uses BSSAP+ protocol.
Gd between the SMS-GMSC and an SGSN, and between SMS-IWMSC and an SGSN. The Gd interface is
available for more efficient use of the SMS services (MAP).
Gf between an SGSN and the EIR. The Gf gives the SGSN access to GPRS user equipment information. The
EIR maintains three different lists of mobile equipment: black list for stolen mobiles, grey list for mobiles
under observation and white list for other mobiles (MAP).
Gc between the GGSN and the HLR. The GGSN may request the location of an MS via this optional
interface. The interface can be used if the GGSN needs to forward packets to an MS that is not active.
Gi between a GGSN and an external network. The GPRS network is connected to an external data
networks via this interface.
system will support a variety of data networks. Because of that, the Gi is not a standard interface, but
merely a reference point.

VAS

SMS

SMS Originating Part MO SM Submit :

The SM is sent from the originating Mobile Station (MS) to the serving Mobile Switching
Center (MSC). The address of the SMSC where the SM should be submitted to is stored on
the SIM card of the subscriber and forwarded to the MSC with the message.
The MSC forwards the SM to the SMSC. The SMSC returns a positive (ACK) or negative (NACK)
response indicating whether the message was successfully stored of not.
SMS Terminating Part MT SM Deliver :
To delivers a SM SMSC has to find out the location (serving MSC) and the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) of the recipient subscriber first. This information (routing
information) is retrieved from the Home Location Register (HLR) of the recipient subscriber
based on the recipient number (MSISDN).
HLR Provides routing Information to SMSC, which includes IMSI and serving MSC of recipient
number.
Based on routing information SMSC delivers SM to the serving MSC and MSC forwards it to
the recipient Mobile Station.

VAS

SMS Delivery Report :

Successful Delivery On successful delivery SMSC sends delivery
report to the originator if requested.
Failed Delivery If SMS is not delivered to the recipient number
SMSC send failure reason to the originator.
Permanent Error : For example Unknown Subscriber
Temporary Error : For example Absent Subscriber
SMSC Retry : In case of temporary errors the SMSC schedules a
next delivery attempt, called SMSC retry.
Network Trigger : If the subscriber is not reachable (absent) the
SMSC notifies the HLR that there is a message waiting for the
recipient number. When the HLR detects the presence of the
subscriber, it alerts the SMSC and SMSC forwards SM to the serving
MSC.

VAS

OTA(OVER THE AIR):

It is used to send settings e.g internet
Change sms centre number
Change service name e.g (TNM)

Ring Back Tone (RBT)

Call flow
MS_ MSC__HLR CRBT system
USSD
We have two USSD gateway

Huawei

Cornastone

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)

is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones.