1.

ECNG 3015Industrial and Commercial Electrical Systems LecturerProf Chandrabhan Sharma #4 Overcurrent Relays
2. PLUG SETTING MULTIPLIER (PSM) - On Induction Disc relays current setting is made by inserting a plug into a plug bridge - Hence Plug Setting - If relay setting and CT ratio are known,
can find fault current as a multiple of current setting PSM - Relay characteristics give operating times at multiples of current setting (PSM) - Therefore the characteristics can be applied
to any relay regardless of current setting and nominal rating.
3. EXAMPLE CT Ratio = 100/1 A Fault Current = 1000 ARelay current settings are made in % of CT ratings Is = 100% of 100 A Is = 100 A primaryPSM = If/Is = 1000/100 = 10So read off
operating time at 10 x current setting
4. TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING (TMS) - Not a time setting in seconds - Multiplying factor which is applied to the basic relay operating time characteristicFor Grading:Required operating
time = TMS x operating time at TMS=1
5. IDMT RELAYS Grade B with A at IFMAX Both Relays Normal IDMT (3/10)Relay A Current Setting = 5 AMP = 100 AMP (Pr) IFMAX = 1400 AMP = 14 x Setting PSM = 14 Relay operating
time at 14 x Setting and TMS of 0.05 is 0.13 seconds
6. Relay B Current Setting = 5 AMP = 200 AMP (Pr) IFMAX =1400 AMP = 7 x SettingRelay operating time at 7 x setting and TMS of 1.0 is 3.6 sec.Required operating time = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53
secondsTherefore required TMS = 0.53/3.6 = 0.147 Use TMS = 0.15 for relay B
7. OVERCURRENT RELAY CO-ORDINATIONGiven: Tap Settings available are: 2, 4, 6, 8 Take discrimination time = 0.5 sec.
8. Typical time/current characteristics of 3 seconds standard I.D.M.T. Available p.s. = 2, 4, 6, 8
9. Step 1: Start grading from extreme point i.e. load point Select the lowest TMS = 0.1 Select P.S. = 4For fault at D bus: From IDMT curve for PSM 12.5 and TMS 1.0 Operating time = 2.7
sec.Actual operating time = (2.7)(0.1) = 0.27 sec.
10. Step 2: Relay C: For fault at D at 2000A Relay C should take (0.27 + 0.5) =0.77 sec. Set P.S. for C at 2 For fault at D:Operating time from characteristic (TMS =1.0, PSMC 16.67)=2.45 s
But relay must operate in 0.77 s
11. For Fault at C: From characteristic, op. time = 2.2 s Actual op. time = (2.2)(.314) = 0.69 s Step 3: Relay B. For Fault of 3000 A (at C) Operate TimeB = 0.69 + 0.5 = 1.19 s IL(B)= 100A
Select P.S. = 2
12. From characteristic op. time = 2.5 s But breaker should operate in 1.19 sFor fault at B: Operating time =2.2 s Actual Operating time = 2.2 x 0.476 = 1.05 s For Relay at A: IL = 100
P.S. =2
13. For fault at B(5000A), relay A should back up = 1.05 + 0.5 = 1.55 s Time to operate from characteristics = 2.32 s
14. EARTH FAULT PROTECTION- Earth fault current may be limited.- Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by overcurrrent relays.- Use separate earth fault relays.- Connect
to measure residual (zero sequence) currents.- Therefore can be set to values less than full load current.
15. EARTH FAULT CONNECTIONSCombined with Overcurrent Relays
16. For Economy, can use 2 x Overcurrent Relays
17. 4-Wire Systems Earth Fault relay setting must be greater than Normal IN
18. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION (Merz-Price Systems) (Unit Protection) 3 Categories of Protection: Input and Output Terminals are close transformer Where ends are Geographically
Separate overhead/underground cables pilots at supply frequency used Very long lines P.L.C. end end signalling achieved by modulated carrier waveform.Main difference is
in way signals derived & transmitted.
19. Why needed?:- Overcomes application difficulties of simple O.C. Relays when applied to complex networks e.g. Co-ordination problems and excessive fault clearance times. Principle:Measurement of current at each end of feeder and transmission of information between each end of feeder.Protection should operate for fault inside protected Zone only Stable for
others. i.e. Instantaneous Operation Possible!
20. MERZ-PRICE SYSTEM Circulating Current Mode- Current confined to series path. No currents in relay- Both breakers tripped..
21. ANALYSIS OF THE MERZ-PRICE UNIT PROTECTION Relay operates when IA IB but IC = IA- IB (1) Relay operates whenLet Nr = kNo where o<k<1 . (3) Sub into (2) equations
(1) and (3) From which for threshold we have:
22. Question:A 1 100kVA 2400/240V transformer is to be differentially protected.Choose the C.T. ratios. Determine the ratio Nr/No if the relay is to toleratea mismatch in current of up to
20% of primary current (bias).
23. Solution:Rated Primary Current of T/F : = 100/2.4 = 41.7 A Rated secondary = 41.7 x 10 = 417 A For C.T. Secondary = 1A Primary C.T. ratio = 500:5 Secondary C.T. ratio = 5000:5 For
20% mismatch (bias) Reduction in Sensitivity IA = 0.8 IB (At threshold) or 2 - k = 1.6 + 0.8k k = 0.222
24. OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION OF STAR/DELTA POWER TRANSFORMER
25. Recall:Three-phase connections (Y/d)
26. For the above: Must Consider: * Magnetising inrush Phase shift between primary and secondary Turns ratio Zero sequence cct. These can be compensated for by C.T. Connection