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11/29/2014
There Is a Cost!
Whenever we use a machine, the
amount of work that we must do will
be greater than if we had done the
job without the machine.
Why?
Friction
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Mechanical Advantage
Machines are rated by their Mechanical
Advantage.
Mechanical Advantage is the ratio of
how much force is exerted by the
machine (Fo) to how much force must
be exerted on the machine (Fi).
MA = Fo
Fi
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Output
Distance
The force
you exert
Distance
from the
output force
to the
fulcrum
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Output
Distance
The force
you exert
Distance
from the
output
force to the
fulcrum
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Output
Distance
The force
you exert
Distance
from the
output
force to the
fulcrum
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Wheel and
Axle
Input
Force
Output
force
Input
Distance
Output
Distance
Pulley
The IMA of a pulley can also
be calculated by counting the
number of ropes pulling up
on the load.
Input
Force
Output force
Input
Distance
Output
Distance
How far the
object is
lifted
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Inclined Plane
Input
Distance
Output
Distance
Wedges
Input
Force
Output force
Input
Distance
Output
Distance
The force
you exert
to push the
wedge in
or under
The weight of
the object being
lifted OR the
force to separate
the object
The
length the
wedge is
pushed in
or under
How far
up or
apart the
object
moves
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Screw
Input
Force
Output force
Input Distance
Output
Distance
The force
you exert
to turn
the screw
The force
needed to
separate the
material or
lift the load
The
circumference
of the screw
(2r)
The
pitch of
the
screw
threads
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IMA versus MA
If the world was perfect and there was
no friction then:
IMA = MA and Wi = Wo
But, the world is not perfect and IMA is
always greater than MA. However, for
preliminary designs, we can start by
assuming that IMA = MA.
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Designing a Machine
To design a machine, you need the
following information:
The type of machine that best suits the
situation.
The force that you can exert.
The output force that is needed.
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Efficiency
The efficiency of a simple machine is a
comparison between how much work you put
into the machine versus how much you get
out.
Percent efficiency is easily calculated by
using one of the formulas below:
% Efficiency = Wo x 100 = Fo x do x 100
Wi
Fi x d i
OR
% Efficiency = MA x 100
IMA
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Conclusion
Remember, machines change the size
and direction of forces, but that change
comes at a cost.