Course Objectives

At the end of the course, the students are expected to know the basic
on:

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Global Atmospheric Change

Environmental Chemistry
a. Stoichiometry
b. Enthalpy of chemical system
c. Chemical equiliria
Mass and Energy Transfer
a. Unit of measurement
b. law of conservation of mass and energy
c. Materials Balance
d. Energy Fundamentals
Mathematics for Growth
a. Risk Assessment
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Solid Waste and Resource Recovery

Revised Main Topics

1.

2.

3.

Ecological concepts
a.
Differentiate environmental engineering and science.
b.
Ecology - environmental disturbances & causes
c.
Changing rate of technology
Ecosystem
a. Land, water and energy resources

Pollution
a. Water, air sources, effects, control and Clean air act RA 8749

b. Solid wastes management minimize, treatment, reuse and

recycling.

4.

Hazardous wastes
a.
b.

5.

Hazardous waste RA6969

Source and Treatment

Environmental management system.

a.
b.
c.

Impact Assessment
Environmental Clearance Certificate
ISO 14000 - EMS

Mass and Energy Transfer

It focuses on specific environmental

problems, such as pollution in surface
waters or degradation of air quality, other
important concepts that find application
throughout the study of environmental
engineering and science.

Units of measurement
In the study of environmental engineering, it is
quite common to encounter both extremely large
quantities or extremely small ones, such as toxic
substance maybe expressed in parts per billion
(ppb), or the rate of energy use maybe
measured in thousands of billions of watts
(terawatts)
Quite often, it is the concentration of some
substance/s in air or water that is of interest.
In either medium, concentration maybe based on
mass, volume or a combination of both.

Concentration of Substances

For liquids, the concentrations of

substances dissolved in water are usually
expressed in terms of mass of substance
per unit volume of mixture, such as,
milligrams (mg) or micrograms (ug) of
substance per liter of mixture.
For Gases (air pollution work), it is
customary expressed in gas pollutant
concentrations in volumetric terms, such
as volume of pollutant per volume of the
air mixture (ppmv).

Materials Balance

Everything has to go somewhere is a

simple way to express one of the most
fundamental engineering principles.

Materials Balance Diagram

Law of Conservation of Mass

When chemical reactions take place,

matter is either created nor destroyed
(though in nuclear reactions, mass is converted to
energy).

What this concept allows us to do is track

materials (pollutants) from one place to
another with mass balance equation.
Input
Rate

Output
Rate

Decay
Rate

Accumulation
Rate

First Step in a Mass balance Analysis

Define a particular region in space that is

to be analyzed.
A region maybe a simple mixing tank to
entire coal-fired power plant, a lake, air
basin, or the globe itself.
By picturing an imaginary around and
Identify the flow of materials across the
boundary as well as the accumulation of
the materials within the region.

Conservative Substances
Under steady-state conservative systems, there is
no radioactive decay, bacterial decomposition, or
chemical reaction occurring, thus, the decay rate is
zero. Pollutants enter and leave the region at the
same rate.
Input
Rate

Output
Rate

Conservative substances are Dissolved solid in a body of

water.

Heavy metals in soils.

Carbon dioxide in air.

Non-conservative Substances
Nonconservative substances, such as organic wastes
in a river.
Under steady-state systems with nonconservative
substances, contaminants undergo chemical, biological,
or nuclear reactions at a rate sufficient to necessitate
treating them as non-conservative substances, the decay
is modeled as first-order reaction, that is, it is assumed
that the rate of loss of the substance is proportional to
the amount of the substance that is present.

Input
Rate

Output
Rate

Decay
Rate

Sample of Nonconservative Pollutant

Energy Fundamentals
Energy, the capacity of doing work. Where, work
can be described by the product of force and the
displacement of an object caused by that force.
Power, is the rate of doing work.
The use of law of conservation of mass to write
mass balance equation that are fundamental to
understand and analyzing the flow of materials.

First Law of Thermodynamics

The use of the First Law of Thermodynamics to write energy
balance equations that will help us analyze energy flows.

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.

Energy can change forms in any given process.
To apply the first law, it is necessary to define the system
being studied, much as was done in the analysis of mass
flows.
Systems in which both energy and matter can flow across the
boundary are referred to as open systems, while, those in which
energy is allowed to flow but not of the matter, are called closed
systems.

Energy Balance Equation System

In many applications of the energy balance

equation system, the net energy added to
the system will cause an increase in
temperature.
Example, the waste heat from the power plant
will increase the temperature of cooling
water drawn into its condenser.
Units of energy:
1. BTU, the energy required to raise 1 lb. of water by
1oF
2. Kilocalorie, the energy required to raise 1 kg. of
water by 1oC

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Waste heat (Qc) is in any kinds of reaction.

When work is done, there is always be
some inefficiency; that is, some portion of
the energy put into the process will end up
as waste heat.
Note: It is impossible to device a machine that
can convert heat to work with 100% efficiency
(page 23).

Conductive, Convective and Radiation of Heat Transfer

When two objects are at different

temperatures, heat will be transferred from
the hotter object to the colder one.
The heat transfer can be conductive when
there is direct physical contact between
the objects; by convection when there is a
liquid or gas between or by radiation,
which can take place even in the absence
of any physical medium between the
object.

Conductive heat transfer is usually associated

with solids, the rate of heat transfer in a solid is
proportion to the thermal conductivity of the
material.
Convective heat transfer occurs when a fluid at
one temperature comes in contact with a
substance at another temperature.
Radiation is transported by electromagnetic
waves and does not require a medium to carry
the energy.
Example, radio waves, X-rays and gamma rays.

Environmental Chemistry

Every pollution problem has a chemical

basis. such as, greenhouse effect, ozone
depletion, toxic wastes, groundwater
contamination, air pollution, and acid rain
requires at least a rudimentary
understanding of some basic chemical
concepts.

Basic Requirements for an Environment Engineer

An environmental engineer who must

design an emission control system or a
waste treatment plant must be grounded in
chemical principles and the techniques of
chemical engineering.
An essential chemical principles required
to understand the nature of the pollution
problems and the engineering approaches
to their solutions.

Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry and chemical
engineering that deals with the quantities of substances that
enter into, and are produced by, chemical reactions.
Stoichiometry provides the quantitative relationship
between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

example, when methane unites with oxygen in complete

combustion..
Such as 16g of methane require 64g of oxygen. At the
same time 44g of carbon dioxide and 36g of water are
formed as reaction productions.

Enthalpy in Chemical Systems

The use of conservation of mass to balance
chemical equations, we can use conservation of
energy to learn about heat absorbed or released
during chemical reactions.
Since energy must be conserved, we should be
able to track it from the beginning to end.
The change of enthalpy during a constant
pressure reaction is equal to the heat absorbed
by the system.

The first law of thermodynamic, the energy in the

reactants on the left side of the equation, plus
any heat added to the system, should be equal
to the energy contained in the reaction products
on the right side plus any work done during the
reaction.
U1 + Q = U2 + W
where:

U1 = internal energy of the chemical system at the beginning

U2 = internal energy at the end
Q = heat absorbed during the reaction
W = work done by the system during the reaction

Chemical Equilibrium reaction where, the rates

of reaction are the same (that is, products are
being formed on the right at the same rate as
they are being formed on the left).
Example:

aA + bB
H 2O

cC + dD
H+ + OH

Endothermic reaction heat is absorbed

Exothermic reaction heat is liberated