Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Part - II
Melesse Haile
(Asst. Professor)
Adama University
Ethiopia
Classification of Compressors
Radial flow
2. By the type of energy conversion,
Volute casing
Volute casing with guide vanes
3. By the method of drive,
Gear drive
Belt drive
Axial flow
Class work
1. Write the function of each component part.
Radial Compressors
Principle of operation
When the impeller is rotating at high speed (more than 20000 rpm), air is drawn in
through the eye of the impeller. The absolute velocity of the inflow air is axial. The
magnitude and direction of relative velocity at inlet depends upon the velocity of the
impeller as well as the magnitude and direction of the entering absolute velocity. The
impeller vanes at the eye are bent so as to provide shockless entry (inducer). The air
then flows radially through the impeller passages due to centrifugal force. The total
mechanical energy driving the compressor is transmitted to the fluid stream in the
impeller where it is converted into kinetic energy of air. The diffuser then converts the
kinetic energy of air into pressure.
The air leaving the diffuser is
collected in a spiral passage from
which it is discharged from the
compressor.
The pressure and velocity variation
across the compressor is as shown
in the figure.
Radial Compressors
Shapes of Radial Compressor blades
inlet
outlet
Radial Compressors
Velocity diagrams for a Radial Blades
at the inlet
Figure (a) represents the velocity triangle
when the air enters the impeller in the axial
direction. In this case, C1 = Ca1. Figure (b)
represents the velocity triangle at the inlet to
the impeller eye and air enters through the
inlet guide vanes. Angle is made by C1 and
Ca1 and this angle is known as the angle of
prewhirl. The absolute velocity C1 has a whirl
component Cw1.
inlet
at the outlet
In ideal case, as shown in Figure (c), air
leaves the impeller tip at an angle of 900.
Hence, Cw2 = U2. But in actual case due to slip
between the impeller and the fluid, Cw1 is
somewhat less than U2 as shown in Figure
(d).
outlet
Radial Compressors
Slip Factor
As shown in the figure, due to slip the actual fluid does not follow the blade shape.
Slip () is, therefore, defined as,
Cw' 2
Cw 2
For radial vane impellers, a relation for slip is given by Stanitz,
where, n is the number of vanes.
Assume, y 0.9 for n value 19 to 21.
Radial Compressors
Energy Transfer (Pt)
From Eulers equation, the energy transfer per unit mass flow rate is given by,
Pt
Wc
Considering velocity triangle (c), Cw2 = U2 and with slip the theoretical energy transfer
is given by,
inlet
outlet
Radial Compressors
Energy Transfer (Pt)
In a real fluid, some of the power supplied by the impeller is used in overcoming
losses that have a breaking effect on the air carried by the vanes. These include
windage, disk friction, and casing friction losses. To take into account these losses, a
power input factor () , which is the ratio of the actual to theoretical energy transfer, is
introduced. This factor typically takes values between 1.035 and 1.04. Thus the actual
work done on the air becomes,
Radial Compressors
Energy Transfer (Pt)
The compressor isentropic efficiency (c) is defined as,
T03 = T03ss
Hence,
And,
Class work
1. Write your own observation and conclusion on the derived relation for
Radial Compressors
Effect of impeller blade shape on performance
There are three types of blade shapes as shown in the figure.
where, Ca 2
m
A
U 22 m U 2 cot 2
Hence, Pt
g
gA
From this equation one can observe that, as the mass flow rate increases energy
or power transfer decreases.
Radial Compressors
Effect of impeller blade shape on performance
b) Backward-curved blades (2 = 900):U 2 Cw 2
g
U (U Ca 2 cot 2 )
and , Pt 2 2
g
U 22 m U 2 cot 2
Hence, Pt
g
gA
U 22
Pt
g
where, Ca 2
m
A
cot 2 0
is cons tan t
where, Ca 2
m
A
U 22 m U 2 cot 2
Hence, Pt
g
gA
As the mass flow rate increases energy or power transfer also increases.
Radial Compressors
Effect of impeller blade shape on performance
In the case of backward-curved blades or vanes, the maximum efficiency occurs in the
region of maximum power. If the flow rate increases beyond the design point, the
power starts to decrease. This keeps the motor to operate safely and this
characteristics is called self-limiting characteristics. Whereas in the case of radial
and forward-curved blades or vanes, as the flow rate increases the power also tend to
increase even beyond the design point. This is not only make the operation costly but
also damage the motor. But, designers may sometimes prefer these two types of
shapes to get some performance advantage as compared to backward-curved blades.
Compressibility effects
If the relative velocity of a compressible fluid reaches
the speed of sound in the fluid, separation of flow
causes excessive pressure losses and cyclic loading on
the impeller due to eddy or shock wave formation. It is,
therefore, necessary to control the Mach number at a
certain points in the flow to mitigate the problem. The
Mach number at the impeller inlet must be less than
unity. This is possible by reducing the relative velocity at
inlet by introducing a guide vane as shown in the figure.
inlet
Radial Compressors
Compressibility effects
Actually, reducing the relative velocity at inlet causes the tangential velocity of the
absolute velocity to increase. This in turn decreases the work capacity of the
compressor.
Mach number in the diffuser
The absolute velocity of the fluid becomes a maximum at the tip of the impeller.
Assuming a perfect gas, the Mach number at the impeller exit M2 can be written as:
However, it has been found that as long as the radial velocity component (Cr2) is
subsonic, Mach number greater than unity can be used at the impeller tip without loss
of efficiency.
High Mach number at the inlet causes high stagnation pressure. This leads to a
variation of static pressure and is transmitted upstream in a radial direction through
the vaneless space. The end result will be exerting a cyclic type of load on the
impeller. This in turn lead to early fatigue and failure on the impeller.
Radial Compressors
Characteristics of a Radial Compressor
The performance of compressible flow machines usually be described in terms of the
groups of variables derived in dimensional analysis ( Refer:- Rference-1 on Page 62).
These variables are dependent on other variables such as the condition of pressure
and temperature at the compressor inlet and physical properties of working fluid. To
study the performance of a compressor completely, it is necessary to plot
against the mass flow parameter
for a fixed speed intervals of
.
The figure below shows the theoretical characteristics of a Centrifugal Compressor.
Consider a valve is placed in the delivery line
of a compressor running at constant speed.
Suppose at the beginning the valve is fully
closed. The pressure ratio then will have
some value as indicated by point A. This
pressure ratio is available from vanes moving
the air about in the impeller. The pressure
head so developed is called shut off head.
Radial Compressors
Characteristics of a Radial Compressor
Now, suppose that the valve is opened and
air flow begins. The diffuser contributes to the
pressure rise. The pressure ratio increases
and the maximum pressure occurs at point B.
But the compressor efficiency at this
pressure ratio will be below the maximum
efficiency. Point C indicates the further
increase in mass flow, but the pressure is
dropped slightly from the maximum possible
value. This is the design mass flow rate
pressure ratio as efficiency is maximum.
Further increase in mass flow will decrease the pressure ratio until point D. This
point indicates that the pressure rise is zero. At this point all the power absorbed is
used to overcome the internal friction and thus the compression efficiency is zero.
However, the actual curve is different from this ideal curve shown in the figure due
to chocking, surging and stall.
Radial Compressors
Characteristics of a Radial Compressor
Choking:- When the velocity of fluid in a passage reaches the speed of sound at
any cross-section, then the air ceases to flow and the process is called chocking.
Choking may occur at the inlet, at the impeller or at the diffuser.
Surging:- The phenomenon of a momentary increase in the delivery pressure
resulting in unsteady, periodic and reversal flow through the compressor is called
surging. Surging may lead to failure of the compressor parts.
Stall:- The phenomenon of a reduction in mass flow rate through the blade passage
at higher angle of incidence is known as stall. This phenomenon may lead to
surging.
Radial Compressors
Energy transfer by the impeller to the fluid (air)
A radial compressor is a dynamic type compressor and it works on the principle of
forced vortex flow ( Refer:- Fluid mechanics ). When a certain mass of fluid is rotated
by an external torque, the rise in pressure head of liquid takes place. The rise in
pressure head ( Hp ) at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of
tangential velocity ( v ) of the liquid at that point.
v2 2 r 2
The pressure head ( H p )
2g
2g
Thus at the outlet of the impeller where
radius is more, the rise in pressure is more
and the liquid will be discharged at the
outlet with a high pressure head.
Radial Compressors
Energy transfer by the impeller to the fluid (air)
In case of radial (centrifugal) compressors, work is done by the impeller on the
fluid (air). The expression for work done by the impeller on the air is obtained
by drawing velocity triangle at inlet and outlet of the impeller in a similar way as
for a centrifugal pump.
Velocity diagram
Radial Compressors
Energy transfer by the impeller to the fluid (air)
As shown in the velocity diagram, the angle between v and u is called and
the angle between w and u is called . The difference between the absolute
velocity v and the relative velocity w is also illustrated.
Inlet
outlet
Velocity diagrams
Radial Compressors
Ideal Head Equation
The equation which forms the basis of pump, compressor and blower design is
based on the following assumptions:
The fluid leaves the impeller passages tangentially to the vane surfaces or
there is a complete guidance of the fluid at the outlet and the fluid is
assumed to be frictionless, non-turbulent, etc.
The impeller passages are completely filled with actively flowing fluid at all
times.
The velocities of the fluid at similar points on all the flow lines are the same.
The ideal total head developed by the impeller based on these assumptions is
called Euler head and designated by HE and is given by,
H E H i1 H i 2 H d
Where, H i1 is the pressure head in the impeller due to centrifugal force.
H i 2 is the pressure head in the impeller due to change in relative velocity.
H d is the pressure head in the diffuser due to change in absolute velocity.
Radial Compressors
The Pressure Head in the impeller due to centrifugal force (Hi1)
Consider a closed container filled with fluid (air), as shown in the figure, is
rotated at constant speed about its axis. The motion is transmitted to the fluid
by its viscosity until the angular velocity of the fluid is the same as that of the
container.
To determine the pressure distribution
within the fluid, consider a very small fluid
element having a width b, thickness dR and
circumferential length Rd rotating with an
angular velocity . The centrifugal force
acting on the particle is,
dF dm R 2
Where, dm b Rd dR
Hence, dF b R 2 2 d dR
R 2 dR
dA
b Rd
Radial Compressors
The Pressure Head in the impeller due to centrifugal force (Hi1)
Integrating between the radii R1 and R2
gives the total pressure,
R22 R12
p2 p1
and , R 2 2 u 2
2
p2 p1 u22 u12
p p1
Hence,
but, 2
H p 2 H p1
g
2g
g
2
u22 u12
H p 2 H p1 H i1
2g
Radial Compressors
The Pressure Head in the impeller due to change in relative velocity (Hi2)
Consider the passage through the impeller at radius r having a cross-section da
as shown in the figure. Let the small element of area da moves a small
distance ds in time dt. Hence,
dw
dF da dp da ds
dt
and dividing all by da
ds
ds
dp
dw but,
w
dt
dt
w dw
Integrating the equation between inlet(1) and outlet(2),
2
p dp w dw
w22 w22
p
w12 w22
Hi2
g
2g
Radial Compressors
The Pressure Head in the diffuser due to change in absolute velocity (Hd)
Inside the diffuser, the dynamic pressure or velocity head is converted into
static pressure head. The velocity in the discharge pipeline is almost the same
as the velocity in the suction pipe.
Consider a fluid element of area da moving through the diffuser vanes a
distance ds in time dt as shown in the figure.
dv
dF da dp da ds
dt
and dividing all by da
ds
ds
dp
dw but,
v
dt
dt
v dv
Integrating the equation between diffuser inlet(2) and outlet(1),
1
p dp v dv
v12 v22
p v22 v12
Hd
g
2g
Radial Compressors
The Ideal Total Head (HE)
H E H i1 H i 2 H d
u22 u12 w12 w22 v22 v12
2g
2g
2g
u2vu 2 u1vu1
g
u2 vu 2
g
Radial Compressors
The Ideal Power (P) and Torque (T)
P m gH E
(u v u v )
Q g 2 u 2 1 u1
g
Q (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 )
1000
Q (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 )
746
T
in W
in kW
in HP
Q (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 )
Q ( R2 vu 2 R1vu1 )
Q ( R2 vu 2 R1vu1 )
in Nm
Radial Compressors
Degree of Reaction ()
Degree of reaction is the ratio of the static pressure head rise in the impeller (Hi1) to
the total head rise (HE).
H
H Hd
H
i1 E
1 d
HE
HE
HE
Hence,
vu22
1
2u2 vu 2
1
v22 v12
1
2u2 vu 2
900 ; vr1 v1
vr 1 v r 2
vr 2 v1
From outlet velocity triangle,
v v v v v
2
2
and ,
2
r2
2
u2
vu 2
2u 2
2
1
2
u2
1
2
vr 2
tan 2
2u 2
u2
vr 2
u 2 tan 2
Radial Compressors
Degree of Reaction ()
1
2
vr 2
u2 tan 2
b) For 2 having values between 00 and 900 , the degree of reaction is more than
half. This means is that the pressure generated by the impeller is more than in
the diffuser.
c) When the degree of reaction is one.
vr 2
1 or
u 2 tan 2
Then, H E
vr 2
tan 2
u2
u 2 vu 2 u 2
v
u2 r 2
g
g
tan 2
u2
v u
u 2 r 2 2 0
g
vr 2
Radial Compressors
Degree of Reaction ()
d) When = 0, there is no static pressure change in the impeller. The energy transfer
is entirely due to the change of absolute velocity in the diffuser. In other words,
the impeller has equi-pressure blades or impulse blades. Machines having such
an impeller is known as an impulse machines. The blades of impulse impellers
are forward curved and the blades of reaction impellers are backward curved as
shown in the figure. In order to generate more pressure in the impeller, the angle
2 should be nearly zero. For the same discharge reaction machines have larger
outlet impeller diameter or high rotational speed than impulse machines.
Radial Compressors
Actual Head or Power developed by the impeller
It has been discussed that the ideal head or power developed by the impeller is
derived based on the listed assumptions. Some of these assumptions were if the
fluid is frictionless, non-turbulent, etc. In this section the factors which causes these
deviations will be discussed.
Factors which causes deviation of actual machines from the ideal
a) Circulatory flow:- If a closed container is filled with fluid and rotated about an
axis, the fluid tends to rotate in opposite direction relative to the container due to
its inertia. It is apparent that the fluid in contact with the side A of the container is
at a higher pressure than at B, as the container is exerting a pressure on the fluid
on that side while it is being accelerated as shown in the figure.
Radial Compressors
Actual Head or Power developed by the impeller
Factors which causes deviation of the actual machines from the ideal
This implies that the velocity at B is higher than A according to Bernoullis
equation. The amount of this circulatory flow depends on the shape of the
container. It will be less if is long and narrow. In a rotating impeller two flows take
place simultaneously; namely, the flow of fluid through the passage and the
circulatory flow as shown in the figure. The resultant effect for a given flow is to
cause the fluid to leave the wheel at an angle less than the vane angle and to
increase the guide blade angle. This effect is illustrated in the velocity diagram
where the dotted lines represent the ideal velocity diagrams.
Radial Compressors
Actual Head or Power developed by the impeller
Factors which causes deviation of the actual machines from the ideal
b) Effect of Finite Number of Blades:- Taking finite number of blades of impeller,
the Ideal or Euler Head (HE) is changed as follows due to changes in velocity
diagram.
H
'
E
u v
'
2 u2
u1vu' 1
HE
g
Where, is the correction factor for finite number of blades. It is sometimes known as
blade efficiency blade.
Radial Compressors
Actual Head or Power developed by the impeller
Factors which causes deviation of the actual machines from the ideal
c) Shock loss:- The usual assumption made in designing such a machine is that
the fluid enters the impeller vanes radially so that 1 = 900. As the fluid
approaches the vane inlet, it comes in contact with the rotating impeller. This
tends to cause a mismatch between the blade angles and the inlet flow
directions specially at high flow rates. This causes the inlet vane angle to be
larger as shown in the figure. The net effect is to reduce the head and hence the
power to be transferred to the fluid due to the presence of vu1.
HE
u v
2 u2
u1vu1
g
u2 vu 2
g
Radial Compressors
Actual Head or Power developed by the impeller
Factors which causes deviation of the actual machines from the ideal
d) Fluid and Disc or Surface Friction:- This is due to the friction that exists within
the fluid and between the fluid and the surfaces of the impeller and the diffuser.
e) Turbulence:- The type of flow existing in a pump or a compressor or a blower is
turbulent as the determined from the Reynold number. The effect of turbulence is
also to reduce the machine performance.
f) Leakage:- This is due to the loss of fluid during operation. The effect of this
leakage loss is to reduce the discharge capacity.
The actual head is called the manometric head (Hm) is, therefore, given by:
H m Euler head Losses in the impeller and ca sin g
HE HL
u2 vu 2
HL
g
Video-5
Video-6
Video-7
Radial Compressors
Efficiencies
The actual head developed by a compressor is less than the ideal or Euler Head (HE)
due to various losses. In designing such machines it is usually difficult to predict
these losses. Engineers or Designers prefer to use empirical relations and/or
efficiencies to consider the effects of these losses in the performance of the
machine.
a) Circulatory flow coefficient ():- the ideal or Euler Head (HE) is derived by
considering an impeller with infinite number of vanes so as to avoid circulatory
flow. The effect of circulatory flow is to reduce v2 as shown in the velocity diagram.
As v2 reduces, vu2 also reduces and hence
the head will reduce.
HE
u v
2 u2
u1vu1
g
u2 vu 2
g
vu 2
Efficiencies
b) Overall Head Coefficient ():- the head developed by a turbomachine due to
forced vortex flow has been derived as,
u22
H
2g
or
u2
1 Where, H is the Shut off head.
2 gH
But, due to the shape of the vanes and the casing the ratio can not be unity.
Hence, in actual case the ratio 1 is replaced by .
u2
2 gH
u2
D N
u2 2 gH 2
60
2 gH
D2
60
2 gH
H
N
84.5 H
N
c) Hydraulic efficiency (H):- the actual head or manometric head (Hm) developed
by the machine is less than the ideal or Euler Head (HE) due to mainly friction and
turbulence losses. To consider this effect, a hydraulic efficiency (H) is related as,
H
H m Pout
m gH m
gH m
HE
Pt
m (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 ) (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 )
Efficiencies
d) Volumetric efficiency (V):- the volumetric efficiency is a measure of the amount
of leakage. It is given by,
Q
V
Q QL
e) Mechanical efficiency (m):- It is the ratio of the power at the impeller (Pt) to the
power of the the shaft (Ps).
Pt
Where , Pt m (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 )
Ps
m (u2 vu 2 u1vu1 )
and , Ps T
T
f) Overall efficiency (o):- It is the ratio of the fluid power (Pout) to the power of the
prime mover (Pin).
Pout
Where, Pout m gH m
Pin
Q gH m
H V m
Pin
Class work
1. 10 kg/s of air is to be compressed in centrifugal compressor of the single sided impeller
type. The ambient air conditions are 1 bar and 200C. The compressor runs at 20000 rpm,
has isentropic efficiency of 80 % and compresses air from 1 bar static pressure to 4.5 bar
total pressure. The air enters the impeller eye with a velocity of 150 m/s with no prewhirl.
Assuming that the ratio of whirl speed is 0.95, determine:
a) rise in total temperature during compression,
b) the impeller tip speed and tip diameter,
c) power required to drive to drive the compressor,
d) the external diameter of the eye, for which the internal diameter is 15 cm.
Worksheet 6-1
Reading Assignment
Refernce-1 ( Turbomachinery design and theory)
Page 187 273
N Q
3
4
H
1450 0.017
3
4
35
13.14 rpm
o 65 %
Hp(m)
Ps(HP)
o(%)
Hsys(m)
46.2
4.2
26
0.005
42.9
40.07
26.77
0.01
39.6
9.4
55.21
29.09
0.015
36.3
11.4
62.87
32.96
0.02
33
12.9
67.21
38.38
0.025
29.6
14
69.73
45.34
0.03
26.3
14.6
71.05
53.85
0.035
23
14.8
71.44
63.91
0.04
19.7
14.6
70.97
75.52
4 Q
Dsu
Vsu
Q
Where, V1r is flow velocity Vsu 0.25 m / s
D1V1r 1
and , 1 is the contraction factor 0.85 or 1
Zt
sin 1
D1
D1
rb2 ra2
Z 6.5
D2 D1
( 2 )
sin 1
Where , 1 1 and 2 2
D2 D1
2
Draw all concentric circles with O as center and radius r1,rx,rY,rZ and r2.
Draw a radial line OJ = r1 from the center of rotation O to the point J.
With J as center and angle OJK = 1 and radius 1, get point K .
With K as center and radius 1, draw the arc JL .
Draw a line through points L and K of length 2 = LM.
With M as center and radius 2, draw the arc LN.
Draw a line through points N and M of length 3 = NP.
With P as center and radius 3, draw the arc NQ.
Draw a line through points Q and P of length 4 = QR.
With R as center and radius 4, draw the arc QS.
3600 R2 vu 2
dR
t
b
R Where, t is the angle measured from the tongue
Q
R2
The base width of the volute b3 is assumed as,
b3 2b2
The average width b is given by,
b b3 2 x tan
and , 600
The basic cross sec tional shape of the volute is assumed to be trapezoid
having an angle of 300 with the radial lines or 600.
The relation for R is given by,
R R2 e tan 2
Video-7
Power cycles
Refrigeration cycles
Refrigerators
Heat pumps
Vapor power
cycles
Steam power plants
Nuclear power plants
Gas
power cycles
Gasoline (Otto cycle) engines
Diesel (Diesel cycle) engines
Gas turbines (Brayton cycle)
Steam turbine
Mechanical
energy
Main application areas of Vapor Power Cycles are in the design and
operation of Steam Power Plants.
Steam Turbine
Basic configuration of a Steam Power Plant
Steam Turbine
Steam Turbine
Basic configuration of a Steam Power Plant
Steam Turbine
In a steam turbine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a set
of stationary blades (nozzles). The high-velocity steam from stationary
blades (nozzles) strikes the set of moving blades (buckets) as shown in
the figure.
The kinetic energy of the steam or vapor is
utilized to produce work on the turbine rotor.
Low-pressure steam then leaves the turbine
and enters into the condenser.
There are two types of steam-turbine stage
designs:
the impulse stage, and
the reaction stage.
Steam Turbine
Principles of Impulse stage-turbines
In the case of Impulse stage-turbine:
pressure change (drop) occurs across the
nozzles.
pressure drop does not occur across the
moving blades (buckets).
Steam Turbine
Principles of Reaction stage-turbines
In the case of Reaction stage-turbine:
pressure drop occurs across the stationary
blades as well as in the moving blades.
Steam Turbine
Velocity diagram
Steam Turbine
Velocity diagram
Steam Turbine
Maximum Efficiency
Main application areas of Gas Power Cycles are in the design and
operation of IC Engines and Gas Turbines.
Gas Turbines
IC Engines
In gas power cycles, the working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire cycle.
Spark-ignition engines, compression-ignition engines, and conventional gas turbines
are familiar examples of devices that operate on a gas power cycle. In all these
engines, energy is provided by burning a fuel within the system boundaries. That is,
they are internal combustion (IC) engines.
Wind turbine
Mechanical
energy
Wind energy is a renewable, pollution free and cheap energy source like
those of water and solar energies.
Wind is air in motion, caused by uneven heating of the earth by the sun.
This creates difference in densities and leads to a mass movement of air
from one location to the other.
Wind Turbines may be classified as Vertical-Axis, Horizontal-Axis, FastRunning, Slow-Running, etc.
Class work
1. Write the principle of operation.
Principle of operation
The figure shown below is the cross-section of the rotor blade called an
aerofoil. It is similar to the aerofoil of an aircraft.
1
mV02
2
where,
II
III
m is mass of air.
KE 1
m V02
t
2
but, m a AV0
Where,
Hence, Pwind
1
a AV03
2
p
p
IV
Pmech
1
Pmech C p a AV03
Pwind
2
II
III
p
p
IV
II
III
Hence,
p0 V
p
u
............................(11.3)
a g 2g a g 2g
Applynig Bernoulli' s Equation between ( III ) and ( IV ) :
p0
p'
u2
u12
..............................(11.4)
a g 2g a g 2g
IV
1
a (V02 u12 ) ................................ (11.5)
2
II
III
1
A a (V02 u12 ) ................................ (11.6)
2
IV
II
III
u (1 a)V .....................................................(11.8)
0
Equating Equations (11 .8) and (11 .7) :
1
(1 a )V0 (V0 u1 )
2
u1 (1 2a )V0 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... (11 .9)
1
a AV03 (4a(1 a) 2 ) ................(11.10)
2
p
p
IV
Pmech
Pwind
II
III
1
a AV03 (4a(1 a) 2 )
2
1
a AV03
2
4a (1 a) 2
d
1
(4a(1 a) 2 0 a
da
3
p
p
IV
II
III
1
1
4( )(1 ) 2
3
3
16
27
16 1
( a AV03 )
27 2
Pmech 16 1
( aV03 )
A
27 2
p
p
IV
Fluid Couplings and Torque Converters are power transmitting systems. Power is
transmitted between the driving and driven shaft usually by mechanical means like
gear drive. In such drives the shock loads and vibration are transmitted from one side
to the other which is not desirable. Also in gear drives there is a speed fluctuation. In
certain cases where the driven machine has a large inertia, the driving prime mover
like electric motor will not be able to provide a large starting torque. Instead of the
mechanical connection if fluids can be used for such drives, high inertia can be met.
Also shock loads and vibration will not be transmitted. Smooth speed variation is also
possible.
i) Fluid Coupling
The oil is then directed to hit the turbine vanes where
energy is absorbed and the oil is decelerated. The
decelerated oil now enters the pump and the cycle is
repeated. There is no flow of fluid to or from the outside.
The oil transfers energy from the drive shaft to the driven
shaft. As there is no mechanical connection between the
shafts, shock loads or vibration will not be transmitted
from one to the other. The turbine will start rotating only
after a certain level of energy is picked up by the oil from
the pump.
ii) Torque Converter
In case of Fluid Coupling the torque on the driver and
driven members are equal. The application is for directdrive machines. But there are cases where the torque
required at the driven member should be more than the
torque on the driver or in other words, the speed required
at the driven member should be less than the speed on
the driver. Such an application is widely used in
automobile transmission systems.
Turbine Runner
Pump Impeller
Automatic transmission
Video-4
Manual transmission
Automatic transmission
End
of
the Course
Final Examination !