Introduction to

Computer Networks and

Networking

Chapter 1

Computer Network

Two or more computers are connected with each

other physically and logically.
Allows user to share and transfer information from
one computer to an other computer
We can share Files, Printer, Applications and
Internet.

Chapter 1

Types of Computer Networks

Networks are classified depending on the

geographical area covered by the network
Computer
Networks

Local
Area Network
(LAN)
Chapter 1

Campus
Area Network
(CAN)

Metropolitan
Area Network
(MAN)

Wide
Area Network
(WAN)
3

Types of Computer Networking

There are two types of networking :-----Peer to Peer Networking (workgroup Environment)
Server Based networking (Domain Environment)

Chapter 1

Connectivity
Communication is a transfer information
from one place to another place.
There are two type of signal:
Base band : Single time single data.
Broadband : Single time multi data

Chapter 1

Topologies

Topology Provide the different configuration

that are use to create a network. Network is a
collection of computer connected with each
other.
Physical topologies are :-

Chapter 1

Bus Topology
Star Topology
Tree Topology
Mesh Topology

Bus topology - I

All devices are connected to a common cable called

trunk or back bone cable
Maximum segment length of cable is 200 m
Maximum of 30 devices per segment

Chapter 1

Star Topology - I

Each device is connected to a central device called

hub or switch through cable
Data passes through hub before reaching
destination

Chapter 1

Tree Topology - I

Chapter 1

Connects groups of star

networks
Devices are wired to
root hub
Root hub is connected
to second level devices

Networking Devices
LAN are most commonly used by the organizations. The
organization need to connect multiple LANs together to
extend network. The network device act as an
intermediate agent for transmission of data in network.

Chapter 1

10

Networking Devices
LAN Card
Hub
Repeaters
Switches
Routers

Chapter 1

11

LAN CARD
LAN Card is device which
is connected two or
more computer.
Types of LAN card
PCI Slot LAN Card
1.With PXE BOOT ROM
2.Without PXE BOOT
ROM
> USB LAN Card
> PCMCIA LAN Card

Wireless LAN CARD

Chapter 1

LAN Card work on two address Physical address and

Logical address.
Physical Address is: MAC Address : C9-BD-AF-335A-2A
Logical Address is : IP Address

: 192.168.1.1

12

Repeaters

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and

retransmits it.
Chapter 1

13

Working of Repeater

Repeater Receive Corrupted signal and Regenerated signal

Chapter 1

14

HUB
Hub is a broadcast devices.
Hub is the simplest device which
operate at physical layer.
Basically.
A hub is a repeater and multi ports.
The function of hub is same as
Repeater. It allow multiple
devices to be connected from a
single network segment.
Two types of Hub:--Active Hub: Required Electricity,
Regenerate Signal.
Passive Hub: Not Required
Electricity,
Can not Regenerate Signal.
Chapter 1

15

Switch
A switch is intelligent
device. Switch has a
memory so switch
identify MAC address.
Switch is a multicast
device
Two types of Switch
Unmanageable Switch :Work on Layer 2
2. Manageable switch :Work on Layer 3, we can
manage all port of
switch.

Chapter 1

16

Router

It is layer 3 device which is use to communicate two different

different networks or which select best path to travel the data.
The function of Router are:-Provide traffic management.
Do not pass broadcast traffic.
Connect different network segments.

Chapter 1

17

Fire Wall
Fire wall is a software and hardware device that restricts traffic between a local
network and the internet. Fire wall use for network security. Fire wall save from
Hacking over the internet

Chapter 1

18

Transmission Media
There are two types of signal for data transmission :- Base band
Broad band

Base Band means single time single data

Broad Band means single time multi data

There are two type of interference which problem in

transmission :-EMI Electro Magnetic Interference
RFI Radio frequency Interference
Chapter 1

19

Types of cables

There are three types of cable

Types of cables

Coaxial cable

Chapter 1

Twisted pair cables

Fiber Optic

20

Coaxial cable

Coaxial cables are less prone to interference.

Chapter 1

21

Types of Coaxial cable

Coaxial cables are mainly divided into four

categories
Types of
Coaxial cables

RG58

Chapter 1

RG8

RG6

RG59

22

Twisted Pair Cables

A pair of cables twisted around each other forms a twisted

pair cable.

Twisted Pair cables

Unshielded
Twisted Pair

Chapter 1

Shielded
Twisted pair

23

UTP Cables

Pair of unshielded wires

around each other
Easily gets affected by
EMI and RFI
Maximum segment length
is 100 meters

Chapter 1

24

UTP Cable Types

1000 Mbps

Cat 1

600 MHz

Cat 7

4 Mbps

Cat 2

1000 Mbps
250 MHz

Cat 6

UTP

Cat 3

10 Mbps
16 MHz

Cat 4

Cat 5e
1000 Mbps
100 MHz

Cat 5

16 Mbps
20 MHz

100 Mbps
Chapter 1

100 MHz

25

STP Cables

Chapter 1

Pair of wires wound

around each other is
placed inside shield
Better protection from
EMI and RFI as
compared to UTP
Maximum segment
length of 100 meters

26

Fiber Optic Medium

Consists of centre glass core surrounded by cladding

Electrical signals are converted into light signals
Total internal reflection is used for transmission
LED or LASER is used to transmit signal
Sheath

Metal wires
Cladding

Glass Core
Chapter 1

27

Fiber Optic Cable Characteristics

Bandwidth Carries large amount of data ranging

from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps
Segment Length Transmits data signals over
larger distance, 2 k.m - 100 k.m
Interference No electric signals pass through
these types of cables thus providing security

Chapter 1

28

Media Comparison
Characteristics

UTP

STP

Coaxial Cables

Fiber Optic Cables

Bandwidth

10 Mbps 100 Mbps

10 Mbps 100 Mbps

10 Mbps

100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

Maximum cable segment

100 meters

100 meters

200 500 meters

2 k.m. 100 k.m.

Interference rating

Poor

Better than UTP

Better than twisted pair

wires

Very good as compared to

any other cable

Installation cost

Cheap

Costly than UTP

Costly than twisted pair

wires

Most costly to install

Bend radius

360 degrees / feet

360 degrees / feet

360 degrees / feet or 30

degrees / feet

30 degrees / feet

Security

Low

Low

Low

High

Chapter 1

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