Quantum Mechanics

QUANTUM MECHANICS
Group 2B
Muhammad Ahsaan
Muhammad Asad Arif
Muhammad Ayaz Khan
Masood Ahmed Abbasi
ORIGIN OF
QUANTUM
MECHANICS
Limitations of
Classical Mechanics
At the turn of the twentieth century,
however, classical physics, which had
been quite unassailable, was seriously
challenged on two major fronts.
Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd Edition), 2009,
John Willey & sons Pvt. Ltd.
1. Relativistic Domain
2. Microscopic Domain
Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd Edition), 2009,
John Willey & sons Pvt. Ltd.
Beginning of Quantum
Mechanics
Bohr introduced in 1913
his model of the
hydrogen atom. In his
work, he argued that
atoms can be found only
in discrete states of
energy.
Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd Edition), 2009, John Willey &
sons Pvt. Ltd.
Beginning of Quantum
Mechanics
We thus had a new branch of Physics which
dealt with the mathematical description of
the motion and interaction of subatomic
particles, incorporating the concepts of
quantization of energy.
Google definitions.
Postulates of Quantum
Mechanics
First Postulate
The state of any physical system is specified
by a state vector in Hilbert space (t).
Which contains all the information needed
about the system.
sons Pvt. Ltd.
Mechanics
Second Postulate
For every physical observable quantity A,
there exists a hermitian operator whose
eigen values form complete basis.
sons Pvt. Ltd.
Mechanics
Third Postulate
The state of a system immediately changes
after measurement.
I > = a n I >
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Mechanics
Fourth Postulate
The probability density for finding a particle
between x and x + dx is given by
dP(x)/dx = I(x)I2
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Mechanics
Fifth Postulate
The time evolution of (t) is governed by
i d /dt =
(Time dependent Schrdinger Equation)
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THE UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE
Werner Heisenberg is best

known in quantum physics
for his discovery of
the uncertainty principle.
Andrew Zimmerman Jones and Daniel Robbins, String Theory for Dummies, 2009, John Willey &Sons.
The Uncertainty Principle

The more precisely you measure one quantity,
the less precisely you can know another
associated quantity with a system.
Heisenberg found that these quantities usually

come in set of pairs that cant both be
completely measured.
1. Position and momentum of a particle

p x
2. Energy and time

E t
Nouredine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd Edition), 2009, John Willey & sons
Pvt. Ltd.
Heisenberg found that the observation of a

system in quantum mechanics disturbs the
system enough that you cant know everything
about the system.
Manifestation of Uncertainty Principle in

Real world
Let us consider the double-slit experiment
As soon as a detector is placed, the uncertainty

in position drops significantly and the wave
behavior vanishes.
THE
SCHRODINGERs CAT
EXPERIMENT
The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

Its a Hypothetical or thought experiment.
http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~cs344/2010/seminars/cat-revised.pdf

In the box we have a small amount of
radioactive substance placed in front of a
detector connected to a veil of poisonous gas.
The radioactive substance has a 50%

probability of decaying.

Classically,
Either
The substance decays
The veil breaks open

and poisonous gas is
released
The cat dies


Classically,
or
The substance does
not decay
No poisonous gas is
released
The cat survives


Quantum Mechanically, the wave function
of the cat has the schematic form
= 1/2 ( alive + dead )
David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 1994, Prentice Hall Inc.

Quantum Mechanically,
The substance is in a state
of both decayed and
undecayed form.
Poisonous gas is released and

also not released
The cat is both dead and alive

What happens when we open the box?

Quantum Mechanically,
The wave function (x) associated with the cat
collapses when we observe the cat.
As soon as the cat is about to be observed,

It chooses anyone of the states of death or life.
APPLICATIONS OF
QUANTUM
MECHANICS
LASER
Laser works on the principle of stimulated
emission which can only be explained if we
consider discrete energy levels or quantization.
http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/real-world-applications-of-quantum-mechanics.html
INSTANTANEOUS COMMUNICATION
The idea of instantaneous communication
is based on quantum entanglement.
When two particles are entangled, any
change to one of the particles creates an
instantaneous change in its counterpart.
QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS
It is the combination of quantum
treatment of Maxwell's equations and
the relativistic treatment of electron
formulated by Dirac.
QUANTUM COMPUTERS
They have huge advantage over current
computers due to parallel processing.
They would be able to execute multiple tasks.
DIRAC'S RELATIVISTIC EQUATION

The Dirac equation is a relativistic wave
equation. It describes all spin- massive
particles. It is consistent with both the
principles of quantum mechanics and the
theory of special relativity.
http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-real-world-applications-of-quantum-mechanics.html

Quantum Mechanics

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Quantum Mechanics

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QUANTUM MECHANICS

Werner Heisenberg is best

The Uncertainty Principle

Heisenberg found that these quantities usually

1. Position and momentum of a particle

2. Energy and time

Heisenberg found that the observation of a

Manifestation of Uncertainty Principle in

As soon as a detector is placed, the uncertainty

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

The radioactive substance has a 50%

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

The veil breaks open

The cat dies

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

The cat survives

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 1994, Prentice Hall Inc.

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

Poisonous gas is released and

The cat is both dead and alive

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

What happens when we open the box?

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

The Schrdingers Cat Experiment

As soon as the cat is about to be observed,

DIRAC'S RELATIVISTIC EQUATION

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