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Physics 1X
Miles Padgett
m.padgett@physics.gla.ac.uk
Thermodynamics
Understanding the
words
Temperature
Heat
Heat capacity
The 0, 1, 2 laws of
thermodynamics
WilliamThompson
(Lord Kelvin)
What is Heat?
Macroscopic, display of
temperature gauge
Microscopic behaviour of
atoms and molecules
I feel hot
He is hot
Measuring temperature
Volume
Resistance
A bimetallic strip
relies on
a thermal expansion of
a liquid (e.g.mercury)
Thin tube
(Gives big
length change
for small
increase in
volume)
Large volume of
reservoir
in a vacuum flask
(keeps things cold too)
an explorer in a fur coat
Insulation
=Temp
=Temp?
=Temp
Cliff
Alf
Kelvin to Celsius
K
= C + 273.15
C = K - 273.15
Fahrenheit to Celsius
F
= C x (9/5) + 32
C = (F - 32) x (5/9)
Example
212F, 373.15K
32F, 273.15K
-460F, 0K
Type of thermometer
Change in electrical resistance
(convenient but not very linear)
Change in length of a bar (bimetallic strip)
Change in volume of a liquid
Change in volume of gas (very accurate
but slow and bulky)
pressure
0 100
all gases tend to zero pressure at -200 -100
- 273.15C!
temp. C
200
Pressure
or V1 T2 = V2 T1
p1 T2 = p2 T1
Example
p1 T2 = p2 T1
1 x 373 = p2 x 293
p2 = 373/293
p2 = 1.27 atm
Absolute zero
Ideal gas has zero volume
Resistance of metal drops to zero
(actually superconductivity cuts in above
0K)
Brownian motion ceases (kinetic energy
due to thermal excitation 3/2 kT, see
Physics 1Y)
But lowest temperature attained is 10-9K
Example
v = (1.38x10-23 x 293/m)1/2
m = 0.03/(6.023 x 1023)= 5x10-26 kg
v = 284 sm/sec
Lord Kelvin
Every microscopic
object moves due to
thermal excitation Brownian motion
Atoms too vibrate
with respect to each
other
Hotter atoms vibrate
more
Asymmetric potential
means average
separation increases
Thermal
excitation
Average separation
x
High T
Low T
Linear expansion
dL
aL
dT
DL
DL/L = aDT
L
DL/L = aDT
DL
Example
DL/L = a DT
DL = L aDT
DL = 500 x10-3 x 1.2x10-5 x 25
DL = 1.5x10-6m = 1.5m
Volume Expansion
But DL = LaDT
(L +DL)3 L3 + 3L2 DL
3aoften called b
DL
Example
bigger diameter
bigger hole
hotter
solid
liquid
gas
Temperature
Icebergs float
Density of water
maximum at 4C
1.0004
Density (kg/m3)
1.0002
1.0000
0
4
8
Temperature (C)
flow
Less insulation give more heat flow for the
same temperature difference
Equilibrium
+
Hot black coffee
Cold milk
=
Warm white coffee
Change in temperature
proportional to work done
Showing equivalence of
heat and energy
Q = mc DT
Example
thrashing around in
the bath should heat
up the water.
How much will the
water heat up after
one minute of
thrashing
DT = Q/mcwater
DT = 500 x 60 /500 x 4190
DT = 0.015C
gradients
(cwater > cice )
Flat bits at phase
changes
steam
Temperature
BP
water
MP
ice
time
Example
+
Hot black coffee at TH
Cold milk at TC
(TH-Tw)mcoffeeccoffee = -(Tc-Tw)mmilkcmilk
3 mechanisms
Conduction
Conduction of heat
Conduction in solids
Conduction in metal
Temperature difference
Thermal conductivity (k)
k (copper) = 385 W/(m K)
k (glass) = 0.8 W/(m K)
k (air) =0.02 W/(m K)
dQ
TH - TC
H
kA
dt
L
TH
TC
Example
dQ
T -TC T H -TC
kA H
dt
L
R
i.e. R
L
kA
dQ
dT
H
kA
dt
dx
Convection of heat
Cumulus
clouds
Radiation of heat
Dont confuse with
radioactivity
Instead realise that light
carries heat (e.g. the sun
heats the earth)
Anything above absolute
zero radiates heat
Heat
= AesT4
s = Stafans constant = 5.6x10-8 W/(m2 K4)
e = emissivity of a body, 0 -1
ecopper = 0.3
ecarcoal 1
Example
Suns temperature
7000k
Suns radius 7x108m
Emission, H = AesT4
Area = 4pr2 = 6.2 x 1018 m2
Emissivity 1
H = 6.2 x 1018 x 5.6x10-8x70004
Suns output = 8.3 x 1026 W
AesTA4 = A h sTB4
TA =TB therefore e = h
TA
TB
Equations of state
State, identifies whether solid liquid or gas
Key parameters or state variables
V (m3)
Pressure, p (N/m2)
Temperature, T (K)
Mass, M (kg) or number of moles, n
Volume,
Amount of gas
Better to describe gas in terms of number
of moles (we shall see that all gases act
the same!)
Mass, m related to number of moles, n
= nM
= nRT
Re-express
pV
= (m/M) RT
Density r = (m/V)
r
= pM/RT
Example
pV = nRT
Atmospheric pressure = 105 N/m2
Atmospheric temp. = 300K
For a volume of 1 m3
n = pV/RT = 105 / (8.3 x 300)
= 40 moles
M = 40 x 0.032 = 1.3kg
pV/T = nR = constant
p1V1/T1 = p2V2/T2
Hence can use pressure of a constant volume of gas to
define temperature (works even if gas is impure - since all
gases the same)
Must use T in K!!!!!!
Example
Molecular weight of
air 32g
pV/T = nR
n = pV/RT
Balloon has constant volume and
constant pressure
ncool =105x150 / (8.3 x293) = 61680
nhot =105x150 / (8.3 x333) = 54271
Dn = 7409 moles
DM = 7409 x 0.032 = 237kg
an 2
p 2
(V - nb) nRT
V
Increasing
temperature
Pressure
volume
Increasing
temperature
Liquid
Pressure
Gas
Gas
Tc
volume
gas-liquid equilibrium
Bulk vs molecules
r0
No thermal energy
Molecules sit at r0
Some thermal energy
Molecules are at r> r0
(thermal expansion)
At high temperature
binding
energy
repulsion
attraction
thermal energy
dU(r)
F(r) dx
Molecules in a gas
Gas atoms/molecules
move in a straight line
Fimpact = m vx