BY, GROUP 10

BELINDA
ASHLEY
SONAL
NORMAN
MATHEW
SHREEM
What is a Research Report
Difference between Oral Report and
Written Report
How to plan and organize a Research
Report
Presented by:
Belinda Britto
 What is a Research Report?

A research report is a formal statement of

the research process and its results. It narrates the
problem studied, methods used for studying it and the
findings and conclusions of the study.
 Difference between Oral Report and Written
Report
Oral Report Written report
1. The presenter should have good There is no requirement of good
speaking skills. speaking skills.

2. Specific format need not be A prescribed format has to be followed.

followed.
3. Errors cannot be rectified easily. Errors can be rectified easily.

4. Listeners may not be able to grasp Reader has a choice of referring

all what is said. whatever suits him.
5. Figures and facts cannot be Figures and facts can be properly
properly represented and represented and understood.
understood.
 How to plan and organize a Research
Report?
1. The Target Audience

– The Academic (or scientific) Community - Masters degree, or M.Phil.

degree or Ph.D. degree

– The Sponsors of Research - consists of: Research promotion bodies and

Government department, industrial and other organizations which
sponsor research for their own use in policy making.

– The General Public - They are the lay audience who are interested in
the broad findings and the implications of research studies on socio-
economic problems.
2. The Communication Characteristics of the Audiences
What is the level of understanding? What kind of language the readers
are accustomed? What do they need to know about the study? These questions
determine the scope, form and style of reporting.

3. The Intended Purpose of the Report

This intended purpose determines the type of the report and its contents
and form of presentation.
Is it to be used as a reference material by researchers and fellow
scientists? Or it is meant for implementation by a user-organization?
4. The Type of Report
When the research is undertaken to fulfill the requirements of a degree or
diploma, or funded by a research promotion agency, the report is prepared as a
comprehensive technical report. When it is sponsored by a user organization, it is written
as a popular or summary report.

5. The Scope of the Report

Example:- a research thesis to be submitted for award of a degree or diploma should
narrate the total research process and experience; the state of the problem, a review of
previous studies, objectives of the study, methodology, findings, conclusions and
recommendations.
6.The Style of Reporting

What should be the style of reporting? Should it be

simple or clear and pompous? Should it be technical or journalistic?

These questions are decided with reference to the target audience.
7. The Format of Report – The main contents of a report could be:
A) Prefatory pages
» Title page
» Acknowledgements
» Table of Contents (and list of figures and tables)
» Abstract

B) Main Body
» Introductory Section
» Methodology
» Analysis and Interpretation
» Limitations
» Conclusions and Recommendations

C) Reference Section
» Data Collection Forms
» Bibliography
8. Outline table of Contents

A table of contents flows from the nature of the

problem understudy and the objectives of the study, the
hypothesis to be tested and the variables studied.
Mechanics of
report writing
By
Ashley d’souza
 Mechanics of report
writing
• General Guidelines
• Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard,
white 8.5 x 11-inch paper,
• Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font
like Times Roman. The font size should be 12 pt.
• Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation
marks
• Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
Indent the first line of a paragraph one half-inch
• Use either italics or underlining
 Mechanics of report
writing
• Paper
• Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name,
followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with
Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the
right margin

• Title
• Title should be centered

• Margins
• One inch at top, bottom, and sides

• Heading
• Aligned to the left
• Indenting
• Indent five spaces for each new paragraph.
• Set-off long direct quotations
• For works cited entries, indent all lines one half inch except
the first line
• Text
• Double space body text and works cited entries
• When ending a sentence, use one space before
starting the next sentence. Two spaces can be
used if you are consistent
• Quoting
• When quoting directly, use quotation
marks with reference citation.
• Do not use quotation marks for set-off
quotations.
• Use three spaced periods...when
omitting anything within a quotation.
• Use brackets ( ) to enclose anything
added or changed within a quotation
• Border
• colour
 Significance of report
writing
• Report is considered as the major
component of the research study .
• The main purpose of the report is to
make know the findings made in the
research
 COMMUNICATION MODEL
INSIGHTS &
DIFFERENT STEPS IN WRITING
REPORT

BY
SONAL S. PAWASKAR
COMMUNICATION MODEL
INSIGHTS
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
 STEPS IN WRITING
REPORT
• Subject matter analysis
• Preparation of the final outline
• Preparation of the rough draft
• Editing of the rough draft
• Preparation of the final bibliography
• Writing the final draft
REPORT
FORMAT
Presented by
Mr. Norman
 Report format
• Although every research report is custom
made for the project it represents, some
convention of report format are universal.
These conventions have developed over a
long period of time, and they represent the
consensus about what parts are necessary
to a good research report and how they
should be ordered.
 Tailoring the format to the
project:
• The format of a research report may need adjustment for 2
reasons (1) to obtain the proper level of formality and (2) to
decrease the complexity of the report. The format given here
is for the most formal type such as a report for a large
project done within an organization or one done by a research
agency for a client company.

• For less formal reports each part is shorter and some parts
are omitted. The situation may be compared to the way
clothing varies according to the formality of the occasion. The
most formal report is dressed so to speak in white tie and
tiles. It includes the full assortment of prefatory parts-the title
fly page, title page, and letters of transmittal and
authorization
 Report format

Prefatory parts Appended

Main body parts

summary Data
results
Title page Collection
forms
objectives introduction
area1
limitations
Letter of Detailed
transmittal results calculations
methodology Conclusion &
Recommen-
area2
Letter of conclusion -dation
General tables
Author-
isation
Final area
Table Recommen-
-dations bibliography
Of contents
 PARTS OF THE REPORT
• Title page
• Letter of transmittal
• Letter of authorization
• Table of contents
• Summary
• Body
• Appendix
 PARTS OF THE REPORT
• Title Page :
Title page includes the title of the report,
the name(s) of the person(s) for whom the report
was prepared , the name(s) of the person(s) who
prepared it, and the date of release or presentation.
The title should be chosen to give a brief but
complete indication of the purpose of the research
project. Addresses and titles of the preparer and
recipient may also be included.
 Example for title page
Globalization
A Report on the effects of globalization
on developing countries

Prepared for Outback Business

Enterprises
By Norman Sachin Pasanha
19 January 2005
 PARTS OF THE REPORT

• Letter of transmittal:
This element is included in relatively
formal and very formal reports. Its purpose is to
release or deliver the report to the recipient. It
also serves to establish some rapport between
the reader and the writer.
Explains on whose authority the report
was written. Any specific comments may have
regarding the report or its findings.
 Sample letter of transmittal
The Prime Minister
Parliament House
India

Dear Sir: 

We are pleased to present our final report, "Information Technology Research:  Investing
in Our Future," on future directions for Commonwealth support of research and
development for information technology. This report adds detail to the findings and
recommendations in our interim report dated August 2007, and strengthens our previous
recommendations regarding the importance of social and economic research on the
impacts of information technology to inform key policy decisions.

We hope that our recommendations will be helpful as you consider the priorities for
Commonwealth investments. We look forward to discussing this report with you, with
members of your government and with members of Parliament.

 
  Norman
Sachin
Senior Project Manager.
Project officer
 PARTS OF THE REPORT

• Letter of Authorization:
This is a letter to the researcher approving the
project. The researcher would not write this letter
personally writing guidelines will not be discussed here.
In many situations referring to the authorization in the
letter of transmittal is sufficient.

• Table of contents:
The table of contents sequentially list the topics
covered in the report along with their page references.
 Sample of table of contents
Table of contents
page
1 Introduction 1
2 An over view of the racing horse 1
2.1 typical injuries sustained 1-2
3 Massage applications 2
3.1 massage for the sprinter and stayer 2
3.1.1 pre racing 2-3
3.1.2 post racing 3-4
3.2 massage for the yearling 5
4 Massage techniques
4.1 Stress point therapy 5-6
4.2 Shiatsu 6
5 Conclusions 6
6 Recommendations 6
Bibliography 7
Appendix
a. Superficial muscles i-iv
b. Stress points v
Summary:
The executive summary should include:
• Objectives of the research project
• Nature of the decision problem
• Key results
• Conclusions (opinions and interpretations base on the
research)
• Recommendations for action.

Body:
The details of the research project are found in the
body of the report. This section includes 1) introduction 2)
methodology 3) results, and 4) limitations.
• Appendix: the purpose of the appendix is
to provide a place for material which is not
absolutely essential to the body of the
report. This material is typically more
specialized and complex than the material
presented in the main report and it is
designed to serve the needs of the
technically-oriented reader.
 Types of report,
Oral presentation,
&
Research follow-up
BY,
Mathew.M.C
0816088
 Report
• They vary in length and form based on
the problem at hand.
• Example :-
1. Business firms - letter report.
2. Banks & financial institutes – Balance
sheet.
3. Mathematicians – Notations.
4. Students of literature – long reports.
 Types of reports
Business research reports can be
presented in a lot of ways.

1) Technical report.
2) Popular report.
 Technical report
• Used whenever a full written report of the
study is required whether for record keeping
or for public dissemination.
• Emphasis should be on:
• Assumptions made in the course of study.
• Presentations of the findings including
the limitations and supporting data
 Outline for a technical
• Summary result. report
• Nature of the study.
• Method employed.
• Data .
• Analysis of data and presentation of the findings.
• Conclusion
• Bibliography.
• Technical appendices- given for all technical matters
relating to questionnaire, mathematical derivations, elaboration
on particular technique of analysis and the like ones.
• Index
 Popular report
• Is used if the research results have
policy implications.
• Emphasis is on:-
•Findings.
•Implications of the findings
 Outline for a popular
report
• Findings and implications.
• Recommendations of actions.
• Objective of the study.
• Method employed.
• Result.
• Technical appendices.
 Oral presentations
• Conclusions and recommendations of
most research reports are presented
orally as well as in writing.
• Purpose:
– highlight the most important findings of a
research project.
– Clear doubts of managers & clients by
asking question.
 Contd..
• Key to effective presentation is preparation.
• The researcher should select the three or four most
important findings for emphasis and should rely on the
written report for a full summary.
• Researcher must be ready for any kind of questions that
could arise with necessary details and findings.
• He must be able to convince the importance of the findings
by way of presentation.
 Contd..
• Graphics and visual aids can be
used to support your findings.
• It should not be lengthy.
 Does and don'ts while
presenting
• Should not read word by word.
• Being familiar with the subject and well
prepared.
• Use simple words.
• Maintain eye contact.
• Use graphics and visual aids.
• For small audience provide duplicate copies
of charts
• Some visual aids like over head projectors
can be used.
• While making visual aids, it should be
simple and attention getting.
• Large typeface, multiple colors, highlighting
bullets is preferred.
 Research follow-up
• The research follow-up involves
recontacting of decision makers
and/or clients after they had a
chance to read over the research
report. Its purpose is to determine
if the researchers need to provide
additional information or clarify
issues of concern to management.
Precautions for writing research
report.

How to write bibliography.

By ,
Shreem
Ranjitha.A
0816114
 Precautions for writing
research report

• long enough to cover the subject but

short enough to maintain interest .
• should sustain reader’s interest.
• The report should be able to convey the
matter as simply as possible.
• charts, graphs and the statistical tables may
be used for the various results
• The layout of the report should be accordance
with the objective of the research problem .
• The reports should be free from grammatical
mistakes and must be prepared strictly in
accordance with the techniques of
composition of report-writing.
• The report must present the logical analysis of the
subject matter
• Appendices should be enlisted
• Bibliography
• Index
• Various constrints experianced in
conducting research should be mentioned.
• Objective of the study, the nature of the
problem, the methods employed and the
analysis techniques adopted must all be
clearly stated .
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography (from GREEK

bibliographia, literally "book
writing") it is also known as
bibliology
• A bibliography means booklists, ie a
list of written sources either published
or unpublished , consulted in the
preparation of the report during the
course of research, books , periodicals,
articles government documents ,
unpublished materials pamphlets , films
, radio ,or television broadcast ,
records , lectures , interviews etc.
 Difference between
reference and
bibliography
• Reference section
• Refers to any book,journal, newspaper,
CD or internet site you have quoted in
your essay or report.
• Bibliography
• A list of all books, CDs, internet
sites,journals or newspapers you used for
research – whether quoted in your
essay/report or not.
 Need for bibliography
• acknowledge and give credit to sources of words.
• to prove that you are not plagiarizing .
• To offer additional information to your readers .
• To give readers an opportunity to check out your
sources for accuracy .
• Shows the depth and relevance of ones research.
• teacher insists that you do a bibliography or marks
will be deducted .
• Bibliographies must:
– be in alphabetical order by author’s
surname
– have all the elements of the reference in
the correct order.

There is no room for creativity in

a bibliography. Follow the
guidelines clearly.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY FORM

BOOKS
• (one author)
• Author’s last name, First name (s). Title of
Book Correctly Capitalized and Underlined./in
italics
• Publisher, place date of copyright. Pages
used.
• Example: Kothari, C.R, Research Methodology,
Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi, 2003, 334-339.
• (two authors)
• First author’s last name, First name (s) and
Second author’s first name (s) Last name.
• Title of Book Correctly Capitalized and
Underlined/italics. Publisher, place, date of
Copyright. Pages used.
• Example : S. Mohan, R. Elangovan, Research
Methodology In Commerce, Deep & Deep
Publications Private Ltd. New Delhi, 2001, 204-
205.
• (more than two authors)
• First author’s last name, First name (s), and
others. Title of Book Correctly Capitalized And
Underlined. Publisher, date of copyright.
Pages used.
• Example : Bowen, Catherine Drinker, and
others. Miracle At Philadelphia: The Story Of
The Constitutional Convention, May to
September 1787. Little, Brown and Company,
1956. pp. 81 – 147.
• ENCYLOPEDIAS
• 'title of article' (single quotation marks)
• title of encyclopedia (italics or underlined)
• year of publication,
• publisher,
• place of publication (place and state, if not a
capital city),
• volume number
• page number
• Example:
• No author: 'Germany' The World Book
Encyclopedia 2004, World Book,
Sydney, vol. 8, pp. 114-116
• Author : Pettus, A M 1998, 'Edward
Jenner', Biographical encyclopedia of
scientists, Marshall Cavendish, New
York, vol. 3, pp. 691-693
• INTERVIEWS – PERSONAL
• Last name of person interviewed,
First name (s). (Personal Interview).
• Subject Underlined. Place, date.
• Example : Radbury, James O., M.D.
(Personal Interview). Medical
Careers. Tenafly, New Jersey, May 1,
2007
• MAGAZINES
• Author’s last name, First name (s). “Title
of Article Correctly Capitalized in
quotation
• Marks.” Name of Magazine Underlined.
Date. Pages used.
• Cartier, John O. “Snowmobile Accidents –
Avoid these Deadly Mistakes.” Outdoor
• Life. January 1976. pp. 34 – 36, 72 – 74.
• NEWSPAPERS
• Author’s last name, First name (s). “Title
of Article Correctly Capitalized in
quotation
• Marks.” Name of Newspaper Underlined.
Date. Pages used.
• Example : Sullivan, Ronald. “Byrne Tries
Again For Income Tax Law.” The Hindu
Thursday, January 8, 2008. PP 2,3.
• TELEVISION PROGRAMS
• Title of Program Correctly Capitalized
and Underlined. (Telecast). Network.
Day of Week, date.
• Example : Real World Of Insects.
(Telecast). WFET. Monday, January
2007.
• E-mail
• Author of message, (Date). Subject of
message. Electronic conference or
bulletin board (Online). Available e-
mail: LISTSERV@ e-mail address
• Fax
• Last name, First name. Letter to the
author. Date.
• Online Computer
Information Service.
• “Title.” Complete Web address.
Date downloaded.
Or
• “Title.” Name of Site. Downloaded
from the Name of Service. Date.
• Referencing in Powerpoint
presentations
• If you quote directly from a source ( a direct
quote or images) in a powerpoint slide, you
always need to cite the source
– usually by including a note at the bottom of
the slide
– try to make the text of this note quite small
(but still readable), so as not to intrude too
much on the content of the slide
 From: Cartoon. (2000). Ariadne, (24).
Retrieved on August1, 2001 from
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/cartoon
 CONGRATULATIONS

You’re on your way to

writing a great
research report!