RANOP Part2 Assessment

RANOP Radio Network Optimization Principles
Assessment
Soc Classification level

1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Objectives
At the end of the this chapter participants will be able to
know what is network assessment

know why network assessment is needed
know how to collect data for assessment
know which data to collect from OSS
know which tools can be used for assessment

2
Contents of RANOP
Introduction to optimization
What is network optimization
What should be taken into account when starting Network
Optimization?
Assessment
Situation at the moment
KPIs and Measurements

Measurement tables + KPIs
Solution findings (optimization) and verification

Maximum gain in limited time
Bottlenecks
Features to be considered
NSN recommended features to be used in optimization
3
Assessment table of contents

Configuration Assessment
Introduction / dependency table example

Area assessment
Network assessment
Parameter Assessment
Parameter values
Default and specific values
Parameter checks (default and specific parameters)
Consistency checks & delta values
Frequencies (planning tool vs. real network values)
Parameter discrepancies
Feature assessment
Benchmarking KPIs used

Performance Data analysis
Multi vendor KPI
Field Tests
Alarms
Performance Assessment
Tools to be used
4
More detailed inputs

(if necessary) based
on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Assessment - Introduction
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
No
Project
report
Project
Ends
5
Assessments
Solutions
Work orders
Priorization
Assessment
Configuration assessment
Parameter assessment
Monitoring /
Analysis
Solutions
Data collection
Performance assessment
Implementations
Yes

on assessment
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

6

on assessment
INPUTS
Configuration Assessment Introduction
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Why configuration assessment is needed?

It supports optimization decisions
It gives information which features can be implemented
If there are some limitations, dependency table, these should be
known
If AMR project and lots of Talk Family BTSs
It gives information, how much capacity can be increased

If there are some limitations. Can same BTS cabinet be used if
additional TRX will be added
Are TRXs supporting EDGE=
Can HR be used?
It specify targets and inputs

It gives information if special resources / knowledge will be needed

7
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Dependency table example
Solution
Verification
Release
Release
Release
BSS12
BSC
S12
BTS
Flexi EDGE
No dependency
Project
Ends
BTS
UltraSite
No dependency
BTS
InSite
BTS
MetroSite
No dependency
2nd Gen
BTS
BTS
PrimeSite
No dependency
Not supported
Not supported
Not supported
SGSN
MCS
BSC
NetAct
SG5 or later
M11 or later
BSC2i or BCS3i
PCU2
OSS4.1
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
BTS
TalkFamily

8
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
DTM Dual Transfer Mode in BSC

BSS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Feature to Feature Dependency table example
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Some examples of feature to feature dependencies

DTM
GPRS,EDGE must be implemented before DTM can be used
BSC2i or BSC3i / PCU2
HMC
3GPP release 4 or earlier MSs are limited to combined DL/UL TSL sum
of 5
DFCA
DFCA requires BSS synchronization assuming that a Location
Measurement Unit (LMU) unit is installed in every BTS site with DFCA.

9
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Configuration Assessment Area assessment
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Situation in general
Area size
Antenna types
Capacity situation in general

# of sites
# of cells, segments
Network element types and software:

BTS / BSC types & SWs
PCU types
Volume of network element and connectivity usage of

network elements:
# of BSCs
Average DAP size/BCF, SS7 link sizes etc
The following information should be collected related to

terminals used in the network:
Ratio of AMR capable terminals
Presentation
/ Author
/ Date
Ratio of R97, R98,
R99,
R4
capable terminals

10
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Configuration Assessment Network Element

Assessment
Sites / cells (Site database)
Site, cell names with IDs

BTS configurations
Antenna types, azimuths, heights, feeder lengths
Location, coordinates and addresses
MSC, BSC, LAC, RAC parameters, TX powers
E1/T1s
BTS HW Assessments
Which HW versions are in use in certain site
BSC
BSC name and type
BSC Utilization and max capacity

11
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

12

on assessment
INPUTS
Parameter assessment Parameter values
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Generic process of parameter collection

Upload BSC
Take BSC
Define
Run
Generate
Actual
XML
Audit
Audit
XML
Configuration
Dump
Template
Script
Output

13
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Parameter assessment Parameter values
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Following parameters should be collected to get full

parameter assessment
ACP
ADJC/ADCE
ANE
BA/BAL
BCF
BSC
BTS
BTS
DAP
GPC
HOC
IO_TEXT/TID
LAC to SPC
LCSE
LMUA
MA/MAL
NS_VC
NSE
PCU
POC
RA
SS7 signalling network parameters

Parameters of X.25
Parameters of CLNS
PAFILE
PRFILE and FIFILE

14
RTSL
SG
SMLC
TRK_TBL/TRKT
TRX
UADJC/ADJW
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Parameter assessment Default and specific

parameter values
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Default Parameter Values:
Almost all parameters are set to

default values
Default values are defined based
on studies
Specific Parameter Values:

Special solution for certain area
Default values are not working well

Changes might be quite dangerous as
they may have a critical impact on the
network.
It is not recommended to fix sideeffects of the special values by setting
special values
15
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Parameter assessment default parameter check

Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Default parameter check
Export Actual Default Parameters from the OSS through a xml file, for e.g.
Use always latest default values (based on latest studies)
Import xml file into a Database using for e.g. CM Plan Editor.
Compare Planned Default Sets with Actual Default Parameters in the
network.
Mark exceptions for each default parameter
Show differences
Select changes to be done
Create dat file or xml file for correction
Note! It is very important to verify if any changes to Default Parameters

has been done before any optimization, as this may result in undesired and
unexpected impacts on the network.
16
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Parameter assessment Specific parameter check

Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Specific
Parameter area
Specific
Parameter area
Specific
Parameter area
Specific
Parameter area
Specific
Parameter area
Hmm! Do I really handle

all these specific
relationships?
If lots of specific parameters in the

network. What kind of problems might
exists?
17
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Parameter assessment Consistency check
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
OSS
Master configuration
database
Parameter
file
Consistenc
y check
actual specific
actual default
CM Database
Consistency
check
default
planned
Parameter
file
import
Consistenc
y check
Parameter
file
Mapinfo
export
NetAct Planner
ODBC

18
Planning
database
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Parameter assessment Consistency check
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Delta values, planning tool values, network values (next slide)

All values should be as planned
For example frequencies, BSICs, neighbors
Delta values, network values vs. default/recommended values

If not specific values, parameter values should be set as default value.
BSC, BTS, GPRS, POC, HOC
Discrepancies
Neighbor parameters
Non symmetrical neighbors (slide)
BTS parameter vs. adjacent parameters

19
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Parameter assessment Frequencies - Planning

Tool values vs. network values
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
If there are some delta between network and planned values,

consequences might be fatal.
Planning tool values
Network values
100,99
100,99
96,92
96,92
112,88
78,72
75,115
81,110
20
1 TRX should
be added
115,88
78,72
75,115
Same channels (115)

=> bad interference!!
81,110
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Parameter assessment discrepancies
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Project
Ends
Find all non symmetrical adjacencies :

cell B is neighbour of Cell A
cell A is not neighbour of Cell B

21
Solution
Verification
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Non symmetrical adjacencies
Cell A
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Cell B
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Parameter assessment discrepancies
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
N-BCCH in ADCE table against FREQ in TRX table
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
TRX
BSC id BTS id
TRX id FREQ
fA
N-Neighbour
ADCE
fAB
Cell A
BSC id
Cell B
BTS id
N-LAC
N-Cell id
N-BCCH
fAB
fA
Applies also to other cell parameters !!

22
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Parameter Assessment BSS Feature

Assessment
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
The following features must be checked and interworking issues must be

emphasized among features below:
Idle mode settings and Directed Retry

BB and RF Hopping
MultiBCF and Common BCCH
Umbrella
FR / HR / DR / AMR
HSCSD
Extended Cell
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
Priority based QoS
NMO1
NCCR
CS1-4
NACC
DFCA
DTM

23
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

24

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Introduction
Project
Ends
Why Performance assessment is needed?

Performance assessment is needed to get clear picture
about network functionality and find the possibilities for
increasing the performance.
Challenges
Missing data
If some hourly data is missing difficult to find out without hourly
analysis
All tables are not activated
All tables can not be found from OSS

25
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Benchmarking KPIs used
Bencmarking KPIs
Is recommended for reporting
Release specific
Customer KPIs
Almost all operators have operator specific KPIs.
Important KPIs because optimization is done for customer
Limitations
SW Release limitation
There might be errors in results if wrong KPIs will be used
Feature limitations
There might be errors in results if wrong KPIs will be used
For example if HR is not used

26
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Performance data analysis
Solution
Verification
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Statistics
Benchmarking KPIs
Multi Vendor KPI
Alarms
Customer complaints
Drive Test Analysis
Planning tools
Executive Summary & Overview

27
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Performance data measurements and analysis are

usually separated to
OSS Performance data
Implementations
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Statistics
Strong points +
Allows centralized data collection

A cost efficient way to monitor network quality
Pro-Active
Selective performance monitoring (e.g. after new feature activation)
Permanent information flow
Useful to monitor trends
Locate problems on a per-cell level
Weak points Needs statistically relevant traffic volume to provide reliable results
Limited geographical location of problems is possible
Can be difficult to understand the meaning of the counters

28
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Benchmarking KPIs - CS
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
OSS counter and CS KPI analysis gives exact picture about network
performance. The analysis of CS KPIs can be based on the following list:
Accessibility
SDCCH access KPIs
TCH, SDCCH Blocking KPIs
HO failure due to blocking
Retainability
TCH, SDCCH drop KPIs
Total HO failure, HO drops
Quality
UL/DL Quality KPIs
Traffic share
TCH, SDCCH Traffic sum
AMR traffic share

29
S13 EDGE, GPRS, and

GSM KPIs can be seen
here
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Benchmarking KPIs - PS
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
OSS counter and PS KPI analysis gives exact picture about network performance. The analysis
of PS KPIs can be based on the following list:
Network Usage
UL/DL PS Traffic
UL /DL Payloads
PDTCH Congestion
DL hard/soft blocking
Abis/PCU Congestion
Inadequate EDAP resources in DL
DL MCS selection limited by PCU
PDTCH Quality
UL/DL (E)GPRS RLC throughput
TBD Success ratio
Mobility
Downlink flush per minute
Availability
Data service availability ratio
User Experience
LLC Throughput
30
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Benchmarking KPIs - PS
QoS
TBF establishment/success ratio
Connectivity capacity
DL MCS selection KPIs
Mobility
DL Flush
E2E data rate
LLC Throughput
Volume weighted LLC throughput

31
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Customer Complaints
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Strong points +
Good co-operation between network optimization and customer service department is
necessary
Helps to find not known problems
Helps to confirm known problems
Might pinpoint location of problem
Reports indoor coverage holes
May trigger fast decision from management in case heavy users are involved
Problems with specific mobiles
Problems of mobile configuration
Weak points
Reacting to customer complaints is reacting too late

Not efficient for optimizing a whole network
Difficult to distinguish between mss and bss problems
E.g.: Errors in the numbering plan can only be detected from Customer Complaints!
32
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Multi Vendor KPI
Multi Vendor KPI comparison is like comparing

apples and kiwis
Strong points +
Performance can be compared by using statistics
Weak points
Counter trigger points might be different

Calculation methods might be different
Are we calculating fails or (all attempts - successful
attempts)

33
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Field Tests
Solution
Verification
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Drive Test Software

GPS
Indoor antenna
Outdoor antenna
Network 1
Another way of measuring the target network performance

Necessary in different steps of optimisation
Drive Test process consists on:
1. Doing the test and collecting the logs
2. Post-processing these logs
3. Analysis of Drive Test
34
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Pre-defined route
Implementations
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Field Tests
Strong points
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Solutions
Priorization
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
Helps to adjust propagation models

Troubleshooting
Detects problems that can be masked by statistics
Graphical reports on maps that allow to easily identify hot areas
Monitoring and validation of new functionalities or changes done in the network
Identify coverage problems, meaning both coverage holes and cells covering less or more than
wanted. Used in antenna tilting optimisation.
Finding interference (difficult to measure) and bad quality.
Detecting adjacency problems:
Missing neighbours
Unnecessary or unwanted neighbours
Incorrectly defined adjacencies.
Finding hardware problems:
Crossed sectors.
Mixed antenna lines.
Faulty units (TRXs, BBUs, etc).
Imbalance problems (e.g., due to ROE in cables or jumpers).
35
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Field Tests
Weak points
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions
Project
report
Project
Ends
Very resource and time consuming, making it expensive to monitor wide
areas and sometimes restricts DTs to specific areas

QoS monitoring from moving subscriber point of view. Gives a feeling of
customer view, although slow moving MS, indoor MS, high floor MS are not
taken into consideration
Supplies in most cases only downlink information
Snap-shot in time
Statistics can be influenced by the velocity of the driver in good areas and in
bad areas.

36

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Field Tests examples
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
CS
Coverage
Quality - Interference
HO measurements
CSSR with short call duration
Traffic handling measurements
PS
PSW accessibility analysis
GPRS attach / PDP content activation / TBF establishment
Throughput analysis Stationary

Average throughput (RLC/MAC and Application)
MCS distribution
BLER ,C/I ratio
Throughput analysis Mobility (intra/inter PCU and RAU cell-reselection)

LLC, RLC/MAC
Retransmission
based on cell re-selection
37
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
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on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Optimizer
Solution
Verification
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Project
Ends
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Problems cells based on interference matrix from Optimizer

38
Implementations
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Executive Summary and Overview
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
In performance assessment report following items should be

mentioned
Executive summary
Strengths
Weakness
Overview
All KPIs with values should be listed
Network level & BSC level
Main causes for problems should be mentioned

39
Assessments &
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Analysis
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on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Alarms
Solution
Verification
Implementations
Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
Project
report
Project
Ends
In assessment report all main active alarms can be mentioned:

* Low Priority
** Med Priority
*** High Priority
Note! Check also if any blocked / filtered alarms
If there are lots of active alarms, collected data is not valid

Performance data is not reliable
Optimization targets are based on wrong inputs
Optimization can be started when (most of) critical active
alarms have been solved
40
Solutions
Priorization
Solutions
Tools to be used

41

on assessment
INPUTS
Project
Starts
Performance
Problems
Tools to be used
Solution
Verification
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Are Criterias
Fulfilled
Monitoring /
Data collection
Project
report
Project
Ends
Example of tools to be used in assessment phase

Configuration data
NetAct tools (Plan Editor, CM Plan Manager etc)
Planning tools (NetAct Planner, Asset, etc)
Performance data
Statistics (Reporting Suite, Metrica, Report Builder etc)
Drive test (Nemo Outdoor. TEMS, Actix etc)
NetAct tools (Plan Editor, Reporting Suite etc
Planning tools (NetAct Planner, Asset, etc)

42
Assessments &
Analysis
Work orders
Analysis
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Priorization
Solutions

RANOP Part2 Assessment

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RANOP Radio Network Optimization Principles

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

know what is network assessment

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

KPIs and Measurements

Solution findings (optimization) and verification

Presentation / Author / Date

Assessment table of contents

Introduction / dependency table example

Benchmarking KPIs used

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

More detailed inputs

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

Configuration Assessment Introduction

Why configuration assessment is needed?

It gives information, how much capacity can be increased

It specify targets and inputs

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

DTM Dual Transfer Mode in BSC

More detailed inputs

Some examples of feature to feature dependencies

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

Configuration Assessment Area assessment

Capacity situation in general

Network element types and software:

Volume of network element and connectivity usage of

The following information should be collected related to

Soc Classification level

More detailed inputs

Configuration Assessment Network Element

Site, cell names with IDs

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

Parameter assessment Parameter values

Generic process of parameter collection

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

Parameter assessment Parameter values

Following parameters should be collected to get full

SS7 signalling network parameters

Soc Classification level

Presentation / Author / Date

More detailed inputs

Parameter assessment Default and specific

Default Parameter Values:

Almost all parameters are set to

Specific Parameter Values:

Default values are not working well