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Purpose
Measure
Flow rate in a pipe (smooth)
Friction factor
Velocity profile
Specify the turbulent-flow Reynolds Number
Compare the results with benchmark data
Uncertainty analysis for:
Friction factor
Velocity profile
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Test Design
The facility consists of:
Closed pipe network
Fan
Reservoir
Instruments used:
3 Venturi meters
Contraction Diameters (mm):
12.7
25.4
52.93
Flow Coefficient, K
0.915
0.937
0.935
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Valve manifold
2.0 smooth
Reservoir
6-6
Motor
controller
Pressure
taps
Valves
1
0.5 smooth
2.0 rough
Relief
valves
Floor
Venturi meters
D t = 1.0
D t = 2.0
D t = 0.5
Blower
36
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Differential
manometer
Test Design
(Continue)
Reservoir:
Digital Micrometer:
Pitot Probe:
Venturi meters:
Pressure Taps:
Manometers:
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Pitot-tube housing
Measurement Systems:
The equipment used in the experiment includes:
Digital thermometer with a range of 40 to 450 F and a smallest reading of
0.1 F for measurement of the environment temperature.
Digital micrometer with least significant digit 0.01 mm for positioning the
Pitot-tube inside the pipe.
Simple water manometer with a range of 2.5 ft and a least scale division of
0.001 ft for measurement of the head at each pressure tap along the pipes and
for measurement of velocities using the Pitot-tube arrangement .
Differential water manometer with a range 3 ft and a least scale division of
0.001ft for measurement of the head drop across the Venturi meters.
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Measurement Systems
For the flow rate and friction
factor, the individual
measurement are performed
for:
(continue)
w f (Two )
air f (Tairo ) air f (Tairo )
Q KAt 2 gZ DM
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w
air
4Q
Re
D air
g 2 D5 w
f
Z SM i Z SM j
2
8LQ air
Measurement Systems
(continue)
For the velocity profile, the individual measurement systems are for:
2 g w
u (r )
Z SM stag (r ) Z SM static
a
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TEMPERATURE
WATER
Tw
Ta
B T , PT
B T , PT
PIPE
PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
AIR
Bz
z SM
, Pz
SM
SM
VENTURI
PRESSURE
Bz
z DM
, Pz
DM
DM
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
TEMPERATURE
WATER
TEMPERATURE
AIR
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
Tw
Ta
B T , PT
B T , PT
= F(T )
w
w
a = F(Ta )
Q = F(z DM )
f = F( , , z
w
SM
, Q) =
gD
8LQ
w
(z - z )
a SM i SM j
f
B f , Pf
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DATA REDUCTION
EQUATIONS
z
Bz
SM
2( z
a
SM
,z
stag
SM
) =
stat
u
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
, Pz
stag
SM stag
= F(T )
w
w
= F(Ta )
u = F( , , z
STATIC
PRESSURE
STAGNATION
PRESSURE
Bu, Pu
Bz
SM
stag
-z
SM stag
SM stat
SM stat
SM
, Pz
stat
) g
w
SM
stat
INDIVIDUAL
MEASUREMENT
SYSTEMS
MEASUREMENT
OF INDIVIDUAL
VARIABLES
DATA REDUCTION
EQUATIONS
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULT
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Uncertainty Analysis
The data reduction equation for the friction factor is:
f F ( g, D, L, Q, w , a , Z SMi , Z SM j )
However here we will only consider bias limits for ZSM i and ZSM j . The total
uncertainty for the friction is:
U 2f B 2f Pf2
The Bias Limit, Bf and the precision limit, Pf, for the result are given by:
Pf
tS f
M
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Uncertainty Analysis
(continue)
U u2 Bu2 Pu2
j
B B
2
u
i 1
2
i
2
i
2
Z SM stagn
Pu
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2
Z SMstagn
tSu
M
2
Z SM stat
2
Z SM stat
Critical
Zone
Transition
Zone
0.10
0.090
0.080
(L/D)V /(2g)
hf
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
/ Re
= 64
Friction Factor f =
0.040
f
Fl o w
in a r
0.050
Lam
0.060
0.030
0.025
0.002
0.020
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
Hydraulically Smooth
0.015
0.0002
0.0001
k /D = 0.000005
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.00005
k /D = 0.000001
10
10
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10
Reynolds Number, Re =
10
VD
0.00001
10
10
Relative Roughness,
k /D
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.070