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CANCERE
COLORECTALE
EPIDEMIOLOGIE
Japonezii:
- SUA
- Hawai
Evreii:
- est
- vest
Distribu\ie pe sexe
Colon drept: 1/1
Colon st@ng: F > 70 ani
Rect: F > 55 ani
ETIOLOGIE
FACTORI GENETICI:
- TEORIA KNUDSON "two-hit"
- STUDIUL CHICAGO - 2 grupe
PROXIMAL
DISTAL
DNA DIPLOID
HIPERPLOID
KARIOTIP STABIL
VARIABIL
DELE| II RARE
FRECVENTE
ALTE ARGUMENTE
1. EMBRIOLOGICE
2. VASCULARIZA|IE
3. HISTOLOGICE
4. METABOLICE
5. EPIDEMIOLOGICE
Cancere LOS
C5q
APC
dele\ie
C17q
p53
dele\ie
C18q
DCC
dele\ie
SMAD2
C8p
Cancere RER
GENE: M1H1
MSH2
MSH6
PMS1
C2, 7, 9, 11
CLASIFICARE ETIOLOGIC~
I. CANCERE POLIPOASE
II. CANCERE EREDITARE NON
POLIPOASE
III. CANCERE SPORADICE
SINDROAME POLIPOASE
POLIPI: - ADENOMATO}I
- HAMARTOAME
SINDROAME:
I. APC GARDNER/TURCOT C5
II. A. ATENUAT~
III. PEUTZ-JEGHERS C18
IV. JUVENIL~ C18
V. COWDEN
HNPCC (LYNCH I)
CRITERII AMSTERDAM:
- 3 pacien\i [n 2 genera\ii
- 2 leg`turi gr. I
- debut [nainte de 50 ani
- proximale
CANCERE SPORADICE
ST~RI PRECANCEROASE
1. ADENOMUL - argumente:
- histologice
- topografice
- cronologice
- epidemiologice
- experimentale
ADENOMUL PLAT- KUDO
2. BOLI INFLAMATORII:
- distribu\ie mai uniform`
- recidive frecvente
- v@rst` t@n`r`
- diferen\iere redus`
- infiltrare:
colagenic`
limfocitar`
COLITA GRANULOMATOAS~
RECTITA DE IRADIERE
ADENDICECTOMIA
URETEROSTOMIA
FACTORI ALIMENTARI:
I. GR~SIMI
II. FIBRE BENZPIRENHIDROLAZA
III. AINS
ANATOMIE PATOLOGIC~
I. CARCINOAME:
- ADK 85%
- cloacogene
- carcinoid
- scuamos
II. MEZENCHIMALE
MACROSCOPIC
I. DISTRIBU|IE
II. SINCRONE 4%
III. FORM~:
a) PROLIFERATIV~ - dr
b) ULCERATIV~
c) INFILTRATIV STENOZANT~ - stg
DISEMINARE
1. LOCAL - CIRCUMFEREN|IAL~
2. VASCULAR
3. LIMFATIC
STADIALIZARE
DUKES
A - perete
B - str`bate peretele
C - metastaze ganglionare
D - metastaze viscerale
GITSG
A - mucoas`
B - submucoasa str`b`tut`
B1 - MP
B2 - seroas`
C - ggl regionali
C1 - 1-4 ggl
C2 - > 4 ggl
D - metastaze
CLINIC~
1. tulbur`ri de tranzit
2. tulbur`ri de scaun
3. astenie
4. sl`bire
COLON DREPT
TUMOR~ EXOFITIC~
MARE
MOALE
ULCERA|IE
ANEMIE
DURERE - SURD~
APENDICIT~ ACUT~
COLON ST^NG
DURERE COLICATIV~
OCLUZIE
RECT
INTERFER~ CU DEFECA|IA:
- FORM~
- ASPECT
- REGULARITATE
DURERE
RECTORAGIE
MANIFEST~RI PARANEOPLAZICE
1. ACANTOSIS NIGRICANS
2. DERMATOMIOZIT~
3. ENDOCARDIT~ NEBACTERIAN~
4. NEUROMIOPATII
SEMNE
1. ASPECT GENERAL
2. GGL WIRCHOW
3. HEPATOMEGALIE
4. PALPAREA TUMORII:
- transabdominal
- TR
STABILIREA DIGNOSTICULUI
METODE IMAGISTICE
IRIGOSCOPIA CU DUBLU CONTRAST
COLONSCOPIA
HISTOLOGIA
STABILIREA EXTENSIEI
ECHOENDOSCOPIE
CT
RMN
COMPLICA|II
1. FISTULIZARE:
- STOMAC
- VEZIC~
- VAGIN
2. TULBUR~RI DE COAGULARE
TRATAMENT
1. CHIRURGICAL + META HEPATICE
2. CHIMIOTERAPIE FUFOL
3. ENDOSCOPICE
CANCERUL HEPATIC
CANCERUL HEPATIC
Tumori Benigne: Hiperplazia nodular`
Tumorile Maligne Hepatice:
1. Primitive
2. Secundare
ANATOMIE PATOLOGIC~
Bron]ic
Pancreas
Colo-rectal
Gastric
Renal
Ovarian
adenocarcinoame 60%
carcinoame nedif. 30%
carcinoame epidermoide
carcinoame neuroendocrine
Clinic
Asimptomatic imagistic
Hepatalgii
+/- alterarea st`rii generale
Diagnostic
TIP TUMORAL
ANTIGEN I.H.C.
Limfom
CD45
Melanom
Proteina S-100
Ag HMB-45
Rabdomiosarcom
Desmin`
Angiocarcinom
Ag F.VIII
Germinale
FP
H.C.G.
F Alcalina placenta
APUD
Cromogranina
Sinaptofizin`
Enolaza neuronspecific`
Tumori primitive
Hepatocarcinomul
C
C.H.C.
Inciden\`
Raport sexe
V@rst`.
8/1
Etiologie
Virus B
Afla toxina B1
Gena p53
Virusul B
Cre]te de 7 ori riscul
Vaccinarea reduce inciden\a
Mecanisme propuse:
hepatit` cronic`
20%
ciroz`
10 ani
35%
1-4%
Genotipul 1b.
Coinfec\ia B+C cre]te riscul.
CHC
20 ani
Factori de risc
Geografici
Demografici v@rsta/sex
Simptome
Durere disconfort
Sl`bire
Inapeten\a
Icter
Ascit`
Semne
Diagnostic
1. Biologic T > 3 cm
-des CP>100ng/ml+FP>20ng/ml 85%
2. Imagistic:
a) echografic
b) CT spiral`
c) anteriografie
d) scintigrafie
e) RMN
f) biopsie
Manifest`ri paraneoplazice
1. ENDOCRINE:
PTH hipercalcemie
Eritropoietin` poliglobulie
Aldosteron HTA
VIP/PGE2 diaree
ILG I/II hipoglicemie
2. PROTEINE CARCINOFETALE
FP
CEA
Fibrinogen
Des carboxiprotrombina
L fucozidaza
Falcalina
Isoferitine acide
PARAMETRU
(1pct pt. fiecare)
SCOR
SUPRAVIE|UIRE
8-12 luni
1-2
2-3 luni
3-4
< 1 lun`
ASCIT~
Tratament
Chirurgical
OLT
Hepatectomie
+/- chimioterapie lipiodat`
Intraarteriale
Chimioterapie
Chimioterapie lipiodat`
Embolizarea
- C. I. absolut` ruptur`
- C.I formal` fistula AV
a -flux hepatofug
Radioterapie:
- extern`
- fotonic`
- intern`
Radioabla\ie
Alcoolizare
Carcinomul fibrolamelar
- Tineri
- Femei
- FP N
- ANAT PAT - solitar
- conjunctiv
- Chirurgie
Colangiocarcinom 10%
Canale intrahepatice
Hil (Klatskin)
Durere
Febr`
Icter
Angiosarcom
Etiologie: - As, Thorotrast, clorur` de vinil, hemocromatoz`
Clinic: - Durere, sl`bire, ascit`
ANA PAT: - E VIII
- Hepatoblastom
Diagnostic
Echoendoscopie
ERCP
Ecotomografie
CT
RMN
Tratament
Protezare
Forme Speciale
Papilomatoza c`ilor biliare
Tumori ampulare
Cancerul colecistic
Adenocarcinom:
- papilar
- infiltrant
Etiologie:
- litiaz`
- vezicul` de por\elan
Diagnostic
Durere biliar`
Icter
Sl`bire
Mas` palpabil`
TUMORI
PANCREATICE
Clasificare
Exocrin
Endocrin = apudoame
Benigne
Cancer I. Etiologie
Genetic`
autosomal dominant
K-ras
HNPCC
FAP
MEA I = MEN
Fumat
Cafea
Alcool
Diet`
Pancreatit`
Gastrectomia pt ulcer
ANATOMIE PATOLOGIC~
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ADK
70% CEFALICE
2,5-3 cm/5-7 cm
INVAZIE LOCAL~:
- STOMAC
- COLON
- VP, VSH
META: - GGL
- FICAT
- PANCREAS
CLINICA
CORP
1. SL~BIRE
2. DURERE
3. ASTENIE
CAP
1. DURERE: - distensia c`ii biliare
- pancreatit`
- invazie
2. ICTER: 70% ictere obstructive maligne
3. SL~BIRE
4. DIABET
5. TROMBOFLEBITA MIGRATORIE
SEMNE
HEPATOMEGALIE
S. COURVOISIER
DIAGNOSTIC
BIOLOGIC:
1. COLESTAZ~
2. CA 19-9
IMAGISTIC:
1. ECHOENDOSCOPIA
2. CT HELICOIDAL
3. RMN
4. ERCP +RECOLTARE SUC PANCREATIC
5. COLANGIO RMN
6. Rx CONVEN|IONAL~
HISTOLOGIC: FNA
PROGNOSTIC:
20% SUPRAVIE|UIESC 1 AN
TRATAMENT:
I. CHIRURGICAL DEPENDENT DE:
1. M~RIMEA TUMORII
2. LOCALIZAREA EI
3. INVAZIA LOCAL~
4. INVAZIA VASCULAR~
5. METASTAZE
TIPURI
A) CURATIVE:
1. WHIPPLE
2. DUODENOPANCREATECTOMIA
CEFALIC~
3. PANCREATECTOMIA TOTAL~
4. PANCREATECTOMIA REGIONAL~
5. SPLENOPANCREATECTOMIA
ST^NG~
B) PALIATIVE
PALEATIV:
1. STENTARE
2. Rx TERAPIE 55-70 Gy
3. CHIMIOTERAPIE: 5-FU, GEMCITABIN~
4. COMBINA|IE
SIMPTOMATIC:
1. ALCOOLIZAREA
2. MORFINICE
ALTE TUMORI
CISTADENOMUL SEROS:
- MARE
- MULTILOCULAT (1 CHIST < 1 cm)
- FEMEI
- V^RSTNICI
- SE MALIGNIZEAZ~ RAR
CISTADENOMUL MUCOS:
- MARE > 5 cm
- UNI/MULTILOCULAT
- SE MALIGNIZEAZ~ FRECVENT
- SUPRAVIE|IURE LA 5 ANI - 50%
TUMORI ENDOCRINE
(NESIDIOBLASTOAME, APUDOAME,
NEUROENDOCRINE)
1. Celulele endocrine tub dig au caractere comune cu celulele neurale:
- conceptul APUD
- polipeptidele se reg`sesc [n tub dig/SNC
- enolaza
2. Asocierea feocromocitom + cancer medular + hiperparatiroidie MEA II
MEA = MEN
ASOCIEREA TUMORILOR
PARATIROID~ 90%
PANCREAS
85%
HIPOFIZ~
65%
ADRENALE
20%
TIROID~
20%
MEN I WERMER
SECRE\IE
DOMINANT~
CARCINOID
EC
ECL
INSULINOM
GASTRINOM
GLUCAGONOM
VIPom
SOMATOSTATINOM
NEUROTENSINOM
LOCALIZARE
PANCREAS
EXTRA
SEROTONIN~
?
EXCEP| IONAL
98%
INSULIN~ (PP,
GLUCAGON)
GASTRIN~ (PP,
INSULIN~,
GLUCAGON)
GLUCAGON
(INSULIN~ , PP)
VIP (PP)
SOMATOSTATIN~
APENDICE,
ILEON, RECT,
BRON} II,
STOMAC
2%
NT
NEUROTENSIN~
70-80%
STOMAC,
DUODEN, OVAR
99%
RINICHI
80%
50%
99%
DUODEN
90%
DIAGNOSTIC
DOZAREA RIA
TESTE DE SUPRESIE }I STIMULARE
ECHOENDOSCOPIE 80%
CT
ANGIOGRAFIE
SCINTIGRAFIE RECEPTORI SOMATOSTATIN~
GASTRINOMUL
(SINDROM ZOLLINGER-ELLISON)
Tumoare cu celule G situat` [n pancreas secret@nd gastrin`,
malign` 60%
- 0,5/106 popula\ie
- 0,5-1% ulcere duodenale
- 2/1 B/F
CLINIC
1. ULCERE:
- multiple
- rezistente la tratament
- recidiv@nd dup` opera\ii
- localiz`ri rare
- complicate cu HDS, perfora\ii
2. DIAREE/STEATOREE
DIAGNOSTIC POZITIV:
- gastrinemie
- test de provocare la secretin`
- raport BAO/MAO > 0,6
DIAGNOSTIC DIFEREN|IAL:
- hiperplazie G antral`
- IR cr
- gastrit` A
DIAGNOSTIC DE LOCALIZARE
DIAGNOSTIC DE EXTENSIE
TRATAMENTUL
1. HIPERSECRE|IEI ACIDE:
a) IPP: - DOZ~ 25-360 mg/zi
- DURAT~: 2-48 luni
- REZULTATE F. BUNE 80%
b) SOMATOSTATIN~ 200 g x 2/zi
c) CHIRURGIE
2. PROCESULUI TUMORAL:
- 25% sunt localizate dup` laparatomie
- 30-60% au metastaze
- 10-40% nu se g`sesc
EXEREZ~ POSIBIL~ {N 30%, DAR COMPLET~ NUMAI {N
50% = 15%
TUMORI CARCINOIDE
TUMORI CE SE DEZVOLT~ DIN CELULE:
- EC (Kulchitsky Masson)
- ECL (fundice)
PREVALEN|~ 1,5/100.000
F>M
TINERI
LOCALIZARE
I. DIGESTIVE (90%):
1. APENDICE
2. ILEON
3. RECT
4. STOMAC
II. EXTRADIGESTIVE:
1. BRON}II
2. OVAR
3. TIMUS
TIP
MUT
ENTOPIC
ECTOPIC
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
TRIPTOFAN 5OHTP 5OHTriptamin`
DETURNAREA : antreneaz`
1 SC~DEREA SINTEZEI PROTEICE
CA}ECSIE
2. SC~DEREA SINTEZEI AC. NICOTINIC
S. PELAGROID
SIMPTOM
FLUSH
DIAREE
BRONHOSPASM
CARDIOPATIE
HIPOTENSIUNE
MECANISM
5OHTP, HISTAMIN~,
PG, BRADIKININ~
HIPERMOTILITATE,
5OHTP
PG, HISTAMIN~,
BRADIKININ~
FIBROZ~
ENDOCARDIC~,
5OHTP
5OHTP
CLINIC
1. FLUSH: - ERITEMATOS DIFUZ
- VIOLACEU TELEANGIECTAZII
- PRELUNGIT L~CRIMARE + HIPO TA
- RO}U-C~R~MIZIU, GEOGRAFIC
TRATAMENTUL SINDROMULUI
CARCINOID
DE ELEC|IE: SOMATOSTATINA
200g/zi - 6 s`pt`m@ni
IFN
3MU
KETANSERIN~
(ANTAGONIST
RECEPTOR 5-HT2)
METHYSERGID
40mg
3-8
ANTAGONI} TI
KININE
ANTAGONI} TI H1
(CIPROHEPTADIN~)
6-30
ANTAGONI} TI H2
1800
EFECTE
SECUNDARE
FEBR~,
CITOPENIE,
ASTENIE
FIBROZ~
RETROPERIT
TRATAMENTUL
1. TUMORII
2. METASTAZELOR HEPATICE
3. CHIMIOTERAPIE:
- STREPTOZOCIN~
- 5FU
- ADRIABLASTIN
MEZOTELIOMUL PERITONEAL
INCIDEN|~:
- 20% din total
- 2-3/106 locuitori
ETIOLOGIE:
- asbestoza
- thorotrast
- iradiere
- genetic` 1, 3, 6, 9, 22, p53
CLINIC~
DURERI: - DIFUZE
- HIPOCONDRUL DREPT
GREA|~, V~RS~TURI
DIAREE
SL~BIRE
FEBR~
SINDROAME PARANEOPLAZICE
ADH Hipo Na
ST Trombocitoz`
ILF Hipoglicemie
DIAGNOSTIC
ECHOGRAFIE
CT
LAPARASCOPIE
TRATAMENT
DOXORUBICIN
IFN