1

Prepared by : nisaar

3.0

FORCE

3.1

Understand the concept of force

3.1.1 Define force and its units.
3.1.2 State the effect of force.
3.1.3 Differentiate between weight and mass.
3.1.4 Define Newtons Second Law ( F=ma)
3.1.5 Define forces in equilibrium.
3.1.6 Calculate resultant force using resolution method.
3.1.7 Apply the concept of force in solving problems related
to equilibrium of forces.
Understand the concept of moment of force
3.2.1 Define moment of force and its unit.
3.2.2 Describe principle of moment of force.
3.2.3 Apply the concept and formula of moment of force in
solving the related problems

3.2

FORCE
CONCEPT OF FORCE

FORCE

A force is a push
or a pull

force

can be defined
as a push or a
pull ,to on any
objects.

EFFECT OF
FORCE
CONCEPT OF FORCE

Effect of force
1. Make a stationary object move

Effect of force
2. Change the speed of a body

Effect of force
3. Change the direction of motion of a
body without its speed

Effect of force
4.Change the shape and size of a body

QUICK QUIZZZZZZZZ
Forces can change
the shape of
something.
True or False?

The answer is.

MASS &
WEIGHT
CONCEPT OF FORCE

WEIGHT & MASS

WEIGHT & MASS

WEIGHT & MASS

The difference between weight and mass had been summarized

in the following table

16

MASS
Mass is how
heavy something
is without gravity
OR
Mass is how
much matter an
object has
#Mass is measured in grams or
kilograms

WEIGHT
Weight is how
heavy something is
with gravity acting
on it
OR
The weight of a
body is the force of
gravity acting on it

#Weight is measured in
Newton's (N)

WEIGHT
Weight of an object can be measured by
simply multiplying the mass of a object with
the gravity of its location.

WEIGHT

QUICK CHECK
1.

A book has a mass of 1.5 kg. What is its weight

on Earth?
W=mxg
= 1.5 x 10
= 15 N

2. If gravitational acceleration of Moon is 1/6 of

Earths, how much is the books weight on the
Moon.
Ask yourself, what is the
W=mxg
mass of the book on the
Moon? Has it changed? Can
= 1.5 x (1/6 x 10)
it change?
= 2.5 N

QUICK CHECK
3. What is the mass of a boy who weighs 450N on
the surface of the Earth?
W = m x g m = W/g
= 450/10
= 45 kg

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. An astronaut has mass of 70 kg. what is his weight if
(a) he is on the surface of the Earth where the gravitational field strength is 9.8 N
kg-1?
(b) he is on the surface of the moon where the gravitational field strength is 1/6
of that on the surface of the Earth?
2. A spacecraft of mass 800 kg is orbiting above the Earths surface at a height
where its gravitational field strength is 2.4 N kg-1.
(a) what is meant by gravitational field strength at a point in the
gravitational field?
(b) Calculate the gravitational force experienced by the spacecraft
3. A rock has a mass of 20.0 kg and weight of 90.0 N on the surface of a planet.
(a) What is the gravitational field strength on the surface of the planet?
(b) what are the mass and the weight of the rock on the surface of the Earth
where its gravitational field strength is 9.8 N kg-1?

PROBLEM SOLVING
1. A certain force is applied to a 2.0 kg mass. The
mass is accelerated at 1.5 ms-2. if the same force is
applied to a 5.0 kg mass, what is the acceleration
of the mass?

2. A car of mass 700 kg accelerates from rest to 105

km h-1 in 10 s. what is the accelerating force
developed by the car engine?

NEWTONS
2nd LAW
CONCEPT OF FORCE

Newtons Laws Second Law

The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on
the object and inversely proportional to
the objects mass.

SF = ma
net force = mass acceleration
SF represents the vector sum of all external
forces acting on the object, or the net force.

Newtons Laws Second Law

Newtons Laws Second Law

If more force is applied, an

more
object will be accelerated _____

Newtons Laws Second Law

More

force means more

acceleration
More mass means less
acceleration
Force = mass X acceleration

F = ma

Newtons Laws Second Law

A resultant force on an object causes it to
accelerate in the direction of that force.
T
a
F

Fres = m x a

These are the two most basic scenarios.

QUICK CHECK
1.

A car of mass 1500 kg accelerates at 2 m/s2. Calculate

the forward force provided by the engine.

F=mxa
= 1500 x 2
= 3000 N
2. A 1800 kg van is reversing. Backward force provided by
the engine is 2400 N. Calculate the backward
acceleration of the van.
F=mxa
2400 = 1800 x a
a = 2400 / 1800
= 1.33 m/s2

QUICK CHECK
3. A boat of mass 500kg is moving against the flow of
a river. Current of river produces a force of 1000 N.
Engine of the boat produces a forward force of
3000 N. What is the net force acting on the boat?

Net force = 3000 1000 = 2000 N

3000 N

1000 N

What is the acceleration of the boat?

F=mxa
2000 = 500 x a
a = 2000 / 500 = 4 m/s2

QUICK CHECK
10,000 N

4. A small rocket with mass 800 kg has a

weight of 8000 N. At take-off, the rocket
engine produces an upward force of 10 000 N.
What is the net upward force acting on the
rocket during take-off?

Net force, F = 10,000 8000

= 2,000 N

8000 N

FORCE IN
EQUILIBRIUM
CONCEPT OF FORCE

FORCE IN EQUILIBRIUM
35

1) The balanced force is:

When two or more external forces acting on a body
produce no net force,

Pulling forces = pushing forces

Pulling forces = pushing forces

BALANCE FORCE
Since the resultant force on an object in
equilibrium is zero, if the forces are resolved
into horizontal and vertical components,
then
(a)The sum of all the horizontal
components of the forces = 0
(a)The sum of all the vertical components
of the forces = 0
* Vertical force = The forces acting at y-axial
* Horizontal force = The forces acting at x-axial

BALANCE FORCE
The following are some of the situation where forces
are balanced on a body :

a pile of book resting on a hard surface

a car moving at constant velocity

along a straight road

an airplane is flying horizontally at a

constant height with a constant
velocity

FORCE IN EQUILIBRIUM
38

2) Unbalanced force is :
When the forces acting on an object are
not balanced, there must be a net force
acting on it. The net force is known as the
unbalanced force or the resultant force.
Pulling forces pushing forces
unbalanced force = the resultant force

UNBALANCE FORCE
39

The effects of unbalanced forces acting on

an object is such as :

Golfer hits a stationary golf ball

A footballer kicks a fast moving ball

towards him

When the engine of a moving car is shut

down

NET &
EQULIBRIUM
FORCE
CONCEPT OF FORCE

NET FORCE
5N
10 N

5N

What happens if an object is pushed by two set of

opposite forces as shown above?
The

result is that the object experiences a SUM of

the forces, which is 10 - 5 = 5 N.
In this case, we say that the net force is 5 N.

NET FORCE
5N
10 N

15 N

What happens if an object is pushed by two set of

forces as shown above?
The result is that the object experiences a SUM of the
forces, which is 10 + 5 = 15 N.
In this case, we say that the net force is 15 N.

NET FORCE
43

The Total of force between two or more interaction

Example 1:

F1

Total net force

F2

F1

Fx = F1 + F2

F2
F3

Total net force

Fx = (F2 + F3 ) - F1

FORCE IN EQUILIBRIUM
An object at rest is in equilibrium. This is
because the forces acting on it are
balanced and the resultant force is zero.
Fy 1
* Horizontal force

Fx 2

Fx 1
Fy 2

Therefore

Fx1 = Fx2

Fx= Fx1 Fx2 = 0 N

* Vertical force
Therefore

Fy1 = Fy2
Fy = Fy1 Fy2 = 0 N

44

FORCE IN EQUILIBRIUM & NET FORCE

45

The Total of force between two or more interaction

Example 2:
Total net force
15 N

5N
10 N

= ( 5 + 10 ) 15 N
= 0 (equilibrium state)

Total net force

24 N

28 N

= 28 24 N
= 4 N (move to right side)

NET FORCE
What is the net force acting on objects below?

2N

10N

8N

2N

5N
3N

6N

12N

8N

C
D

10N

8N

No net
force

C
2N

PROBLEM SOLVING
1.

Who will win?

15 N

45 N

2.

20 N

Calculate the total net force between the following

interaction and describe where the object move on to left ,
right , upwards or downwards
a)

c)

25 N

5N

10 N
b)

30 N

8N

32 N

25 N

d)

45 N
25 N

55 N

25 N
25 N

RESOLUTION
FORCE
CONCEPT OF FORCE

RESOLUTION FORCE
50

A resolution forces is a single force that can be resolved into two

perpendicular components

Figure shows a force F is resolved into two

perpendicular components Fx and Fy.
Fy

With that,
Fx = F cos
Fy = F sin

Fx

Fx is the Vertical component of force whereas Fy is the Horizontal

component of force

RESOLUTION FORCE
51

Example 1:

Find the total of force acting at on x -axis

10 N

Solution:
FX

FX
30

= 10 cos
= 10 cos 30
= 8.67 N

RESOLUTION FORCE
52

Example 2
Find the total of force acting at on x-axis

10 N
35
40

FX
12 N

solution:
Fx

= FX1 + FX2

FX1

= 10 cos 35 = 8.19 N

Fx2

= 12 cos 40 = 9.19 N

Fx

= 8.19 + 9.19

= 17.38 N

RESOLUTION FORCE
Example 3
Find the total of force acting at on y-axis

8N

Fy

Solution:
25

Fy

= 8 sin
= 8 sin 115
= 7.25 N

RESOLUTION FORCE

4kg

1. Based on the diagram given, calculate the force needed to

pull the object along the inclined plane.

2. Assuming a force of 25N needed to pull an object along

a plane with a degree of inclination of 67o, calculate the
mass of the object.

RESULTANT FORCE
55

A resultant force is a single force that represents the

combined effect of two or more forces with magnitude
and direction
The resultant force is shown as the following :
C
AB + BC = AC
AC is resultant force
A

RESULTANT FORCE
Example 1
Resolve the force given below using calculation/analysis
method. Find magnitude and direction
Solution:

For x-axis use F cos

Fx

=
=
=

80 N (cos 60o)
80 N (0.5)
40 N

For y- axis use F sin

Fy

=
=
=

80 N (sin 60o)
80 N (0.8660)
69.28 N

RESULTANT FORCE
Solution:
Use the formula, Z
(40,69.28)

60

tan
tan
tan

=
=
=
=
=

[(FX)2 + (FY)2]
[(402) + (69.282)]
(1600 + 4799.7184)
6399.7184
79.889N

=
=
=
=
=

Fy/Fx
69.28 / 40
1.732
tan-1 1.732
60o

RESULTANT FORCE
Example 2
Diagram shows forces acting on an object. Using analysis
method and graph method, calculate the resulting force
acting on the object. Compare your answers

Problem solving 4
Resolved the forces to each of axis, then determine the
new resultant of force
y
90N
40N
x

55O
33O

20O

38 N

70 N

RESULTANT FORCE
Exercises
Calculate the resultant force for theses situation and determine
the direction of movement.
a.

c.

b.

RESULTANT FORCE
Exercises
Calculate the resultant force for theses situation and determine
the direction of movement.
d.

e.

MOMENTS
CONCEPT OF MOMENTS
FORCE

MOMENTS
What is moments?
A force can cause many things to move or stop.
When a force causes an object to turn, this turning
effect is called moments.

Example: A person sitting on a see-saw.

MOMENTS
Moment = force perpendicular distance between force
and pivot
Moments = F d
# Unit for moments: Newton-meter (Nm)

TYPES OF MOMENTS
There are 2 types of moments:

Clockwise moment

Anticlockwise moment

MOMENTS
Example 1:
A cat of weight 20N stands on one end of a see-saw and the distance
between the cat and the pivot is 3m, find the moment.
Solution:
In this case the cat is causing a clockwise moment.
Clockwise moment

=Fxd
= 20 x 3
= 60 Nm

d = 3m

F = 20N

MOMENTS
Example 2:
A duck stands on one end of a see-saw, 5m away from the pivot.
If the weight of the duck is 10N, find the moment.
Solution:
The ducks weight is causing an anticlockwise moment.
Anticlockwise moment

=Fxd
= 10 x 5
= 50 Nm

d = 5m

F = 10N

MOMENTS
Examples
which is the distance?
Where is the force & pivot?

F
d

F
d

F
d

PRINCIPLE OF
MOMENTS
CONCEPT OF MOMENTS
FORCE

PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
For an object to be in equilibrium(stable/not moving), the
total clockwise moment must be equal to the anticlockwise
moment about the same pivot point.

PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
71

The total of

the total of
clockwise
moment

anti-clockwise
moment

F1

d1 m

F2

RF

d2 m

F1 d1 = F2 d2 Nm

MOMENT OF
FORCE
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS

MOMENT OF FORCE
73

For an object to be in static equilibrium:1. The sum of the forces must be zero, but
also the sum of the torques (moments)
about any point.

2. The total of normal force are equal to the total of

interaction force

F1 + F2 = RF
RF = resultant force

PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
74

From the concept of moment, we

can determine and calculate :
a) Find the reaction force between
the points
b) The center of gravity for force
action

REACTION
FORCE
MOMENT OF FORCE

REACTION FORCE
SOLVING PROBLEMS RELATED TO PRINCIPLE OF
MOMENTS(moment resultant)

Step 1:
Identify what are the forces that will give rise to
clockwise / anticlockwise moment

Step 2:
Find the clockwise / anticlockwise moment

Step 3:
Equate the clockwise and anticlockwise moments

REACTION FORCE
EXAMPLE

Where,

STEP 1

STEP 2
STEP 3

F1 and F2
RF
d1 and d2
M

=
=
=

applied load
reaction load
distance

F1 and F2 =

RF

REACTION FORCE
EXAMPLE 1: The diagram below shows a beam in equilibrium.
Calculate Rx and Ry.

solution:
assume Rx as reference point

=
F
= 10N + 5N + 12N
= 27 N

Rx + Ry
M

10(5) + 3Ry
50 + 3 Ry
Ry
R x + Ry
Rx + 22.67 N
Ry

= 5(2) + 12 (9)
= 118
= 22.67 N
= 27 N
= 27
= 4.33 N

REACTION FORCE
EXAMPLE 2: From the free body diagram of a beam given, calculate the
amount of force needed at support R and the amount of F force if the
beam is in equilibrium.

solution:
assume R point as reference

=
F
R + 5 N = 20 N + F
R = 15 N + F
Mx

= 0
M= M

20(4) + 5(12)
140
F
R

=
=
=
=
=
=

F (4+12)
16F
8.75 N
15 N + F
15 N + 8.75 N
23.75 N

PROBLEM SOLVING
1.

Find the interaction for both of following points, RA and RB :

0.5m

0.5m

1m

a)
RA

b)
1m

RA

2N

3N

1kg

1kg
1m

RB

1m

1m

2kg

RB

80

PROBLEM SOLVING
Find the interaction for both of following points, RA :

a.

b.

81

CENTER OF
GRAVITY
MOMENT OF FORCE

CENTER OF GRAVITY
i) Method 1 : moment resultant
&
ii) Method 2 : by using formula:
X=

F1 (0) + F2 (X1) + F3 (X1 + X2)

( F1 + F2 + F3 )

WORKED EXAMPLE
6m

10N

Find the value of d.

30N

Step 1:

Identify what are the forces that will

give rise to clockwise / anticlockwise
moment

WORKED EXAMPLE
6m
Anticlockwise
moment
10
N

Find the value of d.

30
N

Clockwise
moment

REACTION FORCE
Step 2:

Find the clockwise / anticlockwise

moment

WORKED EXAMPLE
6m

Anticlockwise
moment

30
N

10
N

Clockwise
moment

Find the value of d.

Solution:
Clockwise moment
= Force x distance between force and
pivot
= 30 x d
= 30d Nm
Anticlockwise moment
pivot

= Force x distance between force and

= 10 x 6
= 60 Nm

Step 3:

Equate the clockwise and anticlockwise

moments

WORKED EXAMPLE
6m

Anticlockwise
moment

30
N

10
N

Clockwise
moment

Find the value of d.

Solution:
Clockwise moment
= Force x distance between force and
pivot
= 30 x d
= 30d Nm
Anticlockwise moment
pivot

= Force x distance between force and

= 10 x 6
= 60 Nm

Using the principle of moments,

Clockwise moment
30d

= Anti-clockwise moment
=
60
d = 60 30
d =2m

Points to note:
1. The unit for force must be in
Newtons, the unit for distance
must be in metres.
2. The distance must measured from
the force to the pivot.

92

MOMENT OF FORCES

Example 1:
Determine the centre of gravity for force action, so that the
bar remains in horizontal equilibrium

20 N

50 N
4m

B
x

93

MOMENT OF FORCES

Solution :

Method 1: using a principal of moment

Method 2: using formula

20 ( 0 ) + 50 ( 4 )

Given the centre of gravity at x form A is,

The total of anti-clockwise moment = the
total of clockwise moment

x =

20 ( x ) = 50 ( 4 - x )
20 ( x ) = 200 50 x
20 x + 50 x
70 x

= 200 x
= 200

x = 2.86 m

( 20 + 50 )
200
70

x = 2.86 m

94

MOMENT OF FORCES

Example 2:

Determine the centre of gravity for force action, so that

the bar remains in horizontal equilibrium

50 N

25 N
1m

100 N
4m

95

MOMENT OF FORCES

Example 2 :

Solution
Method 2:

Method 1:

Given the centre of gravity at x form

P is,

x =

50 ( 0 ) + 25 ( 1 ) + 100 ( 5 )
50 + 25 + 100
525

The total of anti-clockwise moment =

the total of clockwise moment

50 x + 25 (x - 1 ) = 100 ( 5 - x )

= 3.00 m

50 x + 25 x - 25 = 500 100 x
175 x = 525
x = 3.00 m

175

Problem solving 5
1.
Determine the centre of gravity for force action, so
that the bar remains in horizontal equilibrium
a)

c)
5N

8N

15 N

1m 1m

6m

2m
10 N

8m

b)
8N

15 N

12 N

10 N

15 N

12 N

d)
16 N

55 N

25 N

45
1m

4m

2m

12 m

96

THE END
TQ