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STEEL

CONTENT
TYPES

OF STEEL
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
MARKET FORMS OF STEEL
USES OF STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION

TYPES OF STEEL
Carbon

Steels
Alloy Steels
Stainless Steels
Tool Steels

CARBON STEELS

Carbon steels contain trace amounts of alloying


elements and account for 90% of total steel
production. Carbon steels can be further
categorized into three groups depending on their
carbon content:

Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels contain up to 0.3%


carbon
Medium Carbon Steels contain 0.3 0.6% carbon
High Carbon Steels contain more than 0.6%
carbon

ALLOY STEELS
Alloy

steels contain alloying elements (e.g.


manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium,
copper, chromium and aluminum) in
varying proportions in order to manipulate
the steel's properties, such as its
hardenability, corrosion resistance,
strength, formability, weldability or
ductility. Applications for alloys steel
include pipelines, auto parts, transformers,
power generators and electric motors.

STAINLESS STEELS
Stainless

steels generally contain between


10-20% chromium as the main alloying
element and are valued for high corrosion
resistance. With over 11% chromium, steel
is about 200 times more resistant to
corrosion than mild steel. These steels can
be divided into three groups based on
their crystalline structure:

Austenitic: Austenitic steels are non-magnetic and


non heat-treatable, and generally contain 18%
chromium, 8% nickel and less than 0.8% carbon.
Austenitic steels form the largest portion of the global
stainless steel market and are often used in food
processing equipment, kitchen utensils and piping.
Ferritic: Ferritic steels contain trace amounts of nickel,
12-17% chromium, less than 0.1% carbon, along with
other alloying elements, such as molybdenum,
aluminum or titanium. These magnetic steels cannot
be hardened with heat treatment, but can be
strengthened by cold working.
Martensitic: Martensitic steels contain 11-17%
chromium, less than 0.4% nickel and up to 1.2%
carbon. These magnetic and heat-treatable steels
are used in knives, cutting tools, as well as dental and
surgical equipment.

TOOL STEELS
Tool

steels contain tungsten,


molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in
varying quantities to increase heat
resistance and durability, making them
ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.

Steel products can also be divided by their shapes


and related applications:

Long/Tubular Products include bars and rods, rails,


wires, angles, pipes, and shapes and sections.
These products are commonly used in the
automotive and construction sectors.
Flat Products include plates, sheets, coils and
strips. These materials are mainly used in
automotive parts, appliances, packaging,
shipbuilding, and construction.
Other Products include valves, fittings, and flanges
and are mainly used as piping materials.

PROPERTIES OF STEEL
STEEL IS A GENERAL TERM FOR IRON
CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNTS OF
CARBON,MANGANESE AND OTHER
ELEMENTS.

STEEL HAS FOLLOWING PROPERTIES


LUSTRE

CONDUCTIVITY
MALLEABILITY
DUCTILITY
STRENGTH
DURABILITY
ALLOYING
COATING

LUSTRE
IT

IS A SHINY METAL WITH A VERY


ATTRACTIVE
FINISH(ARCHITECTURE,CUTLERY,APPLIANCE
S).

CONDUCTIVITY
IT

TRANSFERS HEAT AND


ELECTRICITY(SAUCEPANS).

MALLEABILITY
IT

CAN BE ROLLED INTO THIN


SHEETS,RODS,BAR OR
BRAMS(ROOFING,STRUCTURAL) OR
FORGED INTO DIFFERENT
SHAPES(GEARS,TOOLS).

DUCTILITY
IT

CAN BE STREATCHED AND DRAWN OUT


INTO THIN WIRES(WIRE FENCES) OR
PRESSED INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES(AUTO
BODY PANELS).

STRENGTH
IT

IS VERY STRONG AND RESISTANT TO


FRACTURE(BUILDING FRAMES,SECURITY
DOORS,TRAINS,SHIPS).

DURABILITY
IT

IS LONG LASTING MATERIAL(BUILDING


RAIL LINES,BRIDGES) AND RESISTANT TO
WEAR(MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT).

ALLOYING
ADDING

OTHER CHEMICALS CAN


CHANGE STEELS PROPERTIES.STAINLESS
STEEL CONTAINS THE ELEMENTS
CHROMIUM,NICKEL AND MOLYBDENUM
TO MAKE IT RUST RESISTANT FOR USE IN
KITCHENS. MANGENESE IS ADDED TO
INCREASE TOUGHNESS,WHILE STEEL FOR
RODS HAS TUNGSTEN AND COBALT TO
KEEP IT HARD,EVEN WHEN IT GETS HOT.

COATING
AS

WELL AS VARIOUS RECIPES,STEEL CAN


ALSO BE COATED WITH DIFFERENT
SUBSTANCES,SUCH AS OTHER METALS LIKE
TIN, OR PLASTICS OR PAINT.

Market Forms Of Steel

Angle section
Channel section
T section
I section
Flat bars
Square bars
Round bars
Expanded metal
Plates
Corrugated sheets
Mild steel
Tor steel
HYST steel

Angle section

Angle section has two legs. If two legs are


equal in length then they are called equal
angle section otherwise they are called
unequal angle section. They are available in
sizes varying from 20mm X 20mm X 3mm to
200mm X 200mm X 25mm and their weight
are 9 N/m and 736 N/m unequal angle
section are available in sizes varying from
30mm X 25mm X 3mm to 200mm X 150mm X
18mm. Used for the construction of steel roof
truss, steel columns, steel beams etc

Channel section
Channel

section have a web two equal


flange A Channel section is designated
by the height of the web and the width of
the flange. Available in sizes from 100mm
X 45mm to 400mm X 100mm with weight
58N/m and 494 N/m respectively. Used for
the construction of steel built in columns,
beams, steel bridges etc

T section
T

section Consists of web and flange. It is


designated by the overall depth and
width. Available in sizes from 20mm X
20mm X 8mm to 150mm X 150mm X 10mm
and their weight are 9N/m and 228 N/m
respectively. T section Used for the
construction of steel built up sections,
chimneys, steel bridges etc

I section
I

section are commonly known as rolled


steel joists (RSJ) . I section Consists of a
web and two flange. It is designated by
the overall depth of flange and weight
per meter length. . Available in sizes from
75mm X 50mm to 600mm X 210mm with
weight 61N/m and 995N/m respectively
Used for the construction of columns,
beams, grillage foundations etc. Unequal
I section are used as rails.

Flat bars
Available

in width varying from 3 to 40


mm Used for the construction of steel grill
work , window, gates etc

Square bars
These

are bars with square sections.


Available in sizes varying from 5mm
square to 25mm square. and weight per
meter length are 2N and 49 N . Used for
the construction of steel grill work ,
window, gates etc.

Round bars
These

are bars with circular sections


Available in diameter varying from 5mm
to 25mm. . and weight per meter length
are 1.5N and 38 N . Used for the
construction of steel grill work , window,
gates etc. and as reinforcement in RCC
works.

Expanded metal
Formed

by cutting and expanding plain


sheets. A diamond mesh appearance is
formed through out the area. These are
available in length 1 to 3m and width 5m.
Used for as reinforcement in foundation,
road work etc.

Plates
Available

in different sizes and thickness


varying from 5mm to 50mm, and weight
are 392 N/mm2 to 3925 N/mm2. Used to
connect steel beams for extension of the
length. Also Used for the construction of
steel built up sections

Corrugated sheets
These

are formed by passing steel sheets


through the grooves. These grooves bend
and press the sheets and the corrugations
are formed. These Corrugated sheets are
galvanized and they are called GI sheets.
. Used for roof covering Material.

Mild steel
Mild

steel are corrosion resistant so they


can increase the life of the structure. Used
for the construction of light and the heavy
steel structures. Like ship, railway, building
etc

Tor steel
The

most commonly used reinforcement


in RCC is Tor steel the other names are
deformed steel bar, HYST bar and CWD
bar. Used for the construction of
reinforcement in RCC works road, bridges,
dams etc

HYST steel
High

Yeild Strength Deformed steel.having


strength of 415 MPa These have
projections on their surface and are
produced by the cold twisting of
deformed bars. Due to the presence of
the ribs on the surfaces the following
properties are improved yield strength,
bond strength, tensile strength.

USE OF STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION

The majority of steel goes to the construction


industry. Sustainable steel structures can be
built quickly at a low price. Steel, in its various
forms and alloys, can be designed to meet
the requirements of unique projects, which
allow it to be incorporated into infrastructure
in all environments. Depending on the
conditions that the structure is exposed to,
steel can be alloyed or surface treated
differently for protection.

The

development of efficient steel


production techniques at the end of the
20th century contributed to the growth of
railways around the world as well as the
advent of the high-rise building. Many
famous historical structures, such as
Empire State Building, contain steel as a
primary construction material.

Steel can also be found in:

low and high-rise buildings


education and hospital buildings
sports stadiums, stations
reinforced concrete
bridge deck plates
piers and suspension cables
harbors
cladding and roofing
offices
tunnels
security fencing
coastal and flood defenses

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