Heat and Thermodynamics

Laws of Thermodynamics
The laws of thermodynamics describe what
happens to internal energy (mainly heat) as it
is transformed into work and to other forms.
First Law: Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can be converted from one
form to another.
NO FREE LUNCHES

Second Law: Impossible to take heat from a

source and change all of it into useful work;
some heat must be wasted.
CANT BREAK EVEN

Work and Heat

Temperature of the
water rises if either:
heat is added
work is done

The total energy in

the water is equal
to work done to the
a water and the
heat added to the
water.

The First Law of

Thermodynamics
The work done on a system plus the heat
added to a system must equal the change
in total energy of the system

Won + Qto = E

represents the change in something

Q is the symbol for heat

Example
When a cylinder is
compressed, work is
done on the cylinder
No heat added (Q = 0)
Won + 0 = E
The change in energy
is positive and results
in an increased
temperature (T2 > T1)

Impossibilities
Impossible Event: It is
impossible for heat to
spontaneously move a
block across a table
Impossible Machine: It is
impossible to convert heat
completely into useful
energy
Both do not violate the
conservation of energy
(1st law)

The 2nd Law of

Thermodynamics
In order to explain why some events are
impossible, we need an additional law
besides conservation of energy (1st law)
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: In an
isolated system, disorder always increases
You Cant Break Even

Entropy is a measure of this disorder

Work and Heat

Two kinds of motion (Energy) that the
particles of an object can have.
A coherent motion where they move together.
An incoherent, chaotic motion of individual
particles.

Work (W) on an object is associated with

coherent motion, while heating an object (Q)
is associated with its internal incoherent
motion (Entropy).

Example of Entropy

Ice has low entropy, liquid water has

more, steam has a lot
Ice

Liquid
Water

Increasing Entropy

Water
Vapor

Reason for the 2nd Law

The number of ways a system can be in
an ordered state (low entropy) is much
smaller than the number of ways a system
can be in a disordered state (high entropy)
Example: There are a vast number of
ways to arrange books randomly on a
shelf, but only one way to arrange them
alphabetically

Heat and Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the average
internal kinetic energy of the molecules of
a substance.
Heat is a measure of the internal energy
that has been absorbed or transferred from
one body to another.
Increasing the internal energy is called
heating.
Decreasing the internal energy is called
cooling.

Measuring Heat
A calorie (cal) is the amount of heat
required to raise 1 gram of water 1
Celsius
A Calorie or Food Calorie is 1000 cal
(kilocalorie).
A Btu (British thermal unit) is the amount
of heat required to raise 1 pound of water
by 1 Fahrenheit

Measuring Temperature
Scientists prefer Kelvin to degrees Celsius
in measuring temperature
degrees Celsius = Kelvin - 273
Example: 25 C = 298 K (Kelvin)
Kelvins are useful because no object in
nature can ever have a temperature lower
than 0 K (absolute zero)
0 K = -273 C

Some Common Temperatures

Temperature and Heat

The relationship between temperature and
heat is:

Q = mcT
Q = heat in calories
m is the mass in kilograms
T is the change in Temperature in degrees
Celsius
c is the specific heat in Joules per gram
Celsius

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity

The specific heat of a substance is the
number of Joules necessary to raise the
temperature of one gram by 1 Celsius
A material with a high specific heat has a
large heat capacity (the ability to store
thermal energy).
An object with a high specific heat/ heat
capacity will cool down slower than an
object with a low specific heat.

Water has the one of the highest specific

heat values and therefore has a high
heat capacity.

Heat also depends on Mass

If both objects were
heated for several
hours they will have the
same temperature.
However, the larger
array will store nine
times more thermal
energy than the same
one.

Example
Energy used to take a bath: How much
energy is required to heat 200 kg of water
from 20C to 50C?
Answer: Q = (200kg)(4,180)(50-20C)
25,000,000 J
Note that heat depends upon mass. The
more water (mass), the more energy
required to heat the water to a particular
temperature.

How Hot is the Pizza?

To better illustrate the idea of heat capacity,
consider this scenario: Your pizza has just been
taken from the oven and you're hungry. The crust
is not too hot to handle when you pick it up.
You're confirmed in your belief that it's at the
perfect temperature when you touch the crust to
your tongue. It feels warm, but not uncomfortably
hot. So chomp! and Oww! Your mouth is burned
by the pizza sauce. How can this be? Obviously,
both the crust and the sauce are at the same
temperature ... after all, they were heated together
in the same oven.

How Hot is the Pizza?

Even though they were both at the same
temperature, the sauce (because it contains
more water) contains more thermal energy.
Because of this, more thermal energy is required
to raise the sauce to the same temperature as
the crust. When you put the pizza in your mouth,
both the sauce and crust lose heat until they
reach the same temperature as your mouth. The
(water containing) sauce has much more heat to
surrender and that's why it burns so much.

Thermal Inertia of the Oceans

A substance with a high thermal inertia both
heats up and cools down at a slow rate.
Due to the large mass and high heat capacity, the
earths oceans have considerable thermal inertia.

Thermal Inertia of the Oceans

The good news is that because the oceans are
so large, and take so much time to absorb the
thermal energy, we are warming more slowly
than would otherwise occur.
The bad news is that the oceans not only take
up heat slowly, the also dissipate heat slowly. So
even if we are able to reduce the greenhouse
gases in the earth atmosphere to reasonable
levels, the thermal inertial of the oceans will still
take quite some time to respond and cooling
down the earth will take considerable time.

Latent Heat
Sometimes, adding heat to a system does
not result in an increase in temperature
When a substance changes from one
state to another, the transition is called a
phase change.
A phase change always absorbs or
releases energy, a quantity of heat that is
not associated with a temperature change

Latent Heat
Latent heat is the hidden energy of a
phase change, which is energy that goes
in or comes out of internal potential energy
Recall the three phases of matter
solid
liquid
gas

Ice

Liquid
Water

Water
Vapor

 The ice warms to the

melting point (0 C),
then absorbs heat
during the phase
change as the
temperature remains
constant.
At 0 C, adding heat
to ice causes a
phase change (to
water) rather than a
rise in temperature

Latent Heat of
Fusion

 When all the ice has

melted, the now liquid
water warms to the
boiling point (100 C),
where the
temperature again
remains constant as
heat is absorbed
during the second
phase change from
liquid to gas.
After all the liquid has
changed to gas,
continued warming
increases the
temperature of the
steam.

Latent Heat of
Vaporization

Latent
Heat

Principles of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer is one way of transferring
energy to a body (work is the other)
Occurs only when there is a temperature
difference between the two bodies (heat
flows from hot to cold)
Occurs through three processes:
conduction, convection, and radiation

From Hot to Cold

Heat energy is
transferred when
there is a difference in
temperature
In an isolated system
heat flows from hot to
cold until both bodies
are at the same
temperature

The Three Types of Heat

Transfer
Conduction: Heat is transferred through a
material (e.g. insulation or glass)
Convection: Heat is transferred by air or
water currents (e.g. ocean currents)
Radiation: Heat is transferred when a hot
body emits radiation (e.g. infrared
radiation given off by a fire)

Conduction
Conduction depends on the
following:
Type of Material: thermal conductivity
(e.g. metal spoons transfer heat
better than plastic)
Temperature Difference
Area (e.g. a thin stirring stick
transfers less heat than a thick
spoon)
Thickness (the distance heat has to
travel)

Heat Conduction Equation

QC/t = heat transferred
per unit of time
k = thermal
conductivity
A = area
T2 - T1 = temperature
difference
= thickness

Examples of Conduction
Why does crushed ice melt
faster than ice cubes?
Answer: Because the exposed
area is larger

Why do you save money by

turning down the thermostat
in cold weather?
Answer: Because the
temperature difference
(between inside and outside)
is smaller

Convection
Warm air (water) rises and
cool air (water) sinks
Why? Because warm air
(water) is less dense and
floats on cooler air (water)
The rising of warm air (water)
creates circulating convection
currents
Convection can occur in any
gas or fluid.

Examples of Convection
The sea breeze is caused by differences
in temperature between the ocean and the
shore
In fact, all weather and ocean currents are
caused by convection
A draft in a cold room is caused by
convection currents from air leaking
through a window or door
A rolling boil in a pot is the result of
convection

Radiation
Radiation results in heat being emitted at
the speed of light
Radiated heat requires no medium (e.g.
air) and can propagate through empty
space
Heat is emitted as type of electromagnetic
radiation
Here, radiation does not refer to the
emissions of radioactive substances

Types of Electromagnetic Radiation

The Wave Nature of Light

Wavelength is the distance from one crest to the
next
The Frequency (f) of a wave is the number of
complete waves that pass a point in a given time.
Hertz is the unit of frequency.
The Velocity is always the speed of light.

Frequency and Wave Length

Relationship between frequency and wave
length

c = f
c = The speed of light = 3.0 X 108 m s-1
= The wavelength of the radiation (m)
f = The frequency of the radiation (Hz or s-1)
**** The shorter the wavelength, the greater
the energy.

Radiation from Hot Objects

Hot objects emit
radiation over a wide
range of wavelengths
Room temperature
objects emit radiation
that is mostly infrared
Object hotter than
~1000 C begin to
emit visible light

Light from the Sun

Temperature and Radiation

The Higher the Temperature, the
Greater amount of radiation being emitted.
Lower the Wavelength of Radiation being
emitted.
Higher the Frequency of Radiation being
emitted.

Temperature and Radiation

A hot burner on a stove or a fire emits large
amounts of infrared and a smaller amount of
visible radiation
Mammals (~40 C) emit mostly infrared
radiation
Our sun (~6000 C) emits a large amount of
visible light
Incandescent lights (regular light bulbs) have
heated filaments that emit visible light when
the temperature get to 2500 C

An Example of Heat Transfer

A radiator works by
circulating steam
through a series of
pipes, where it
condenses and
releases heat
Heat is transferred
by conduction,
convection, and
radiation

The Campfire
If you hold one end of a burning stick (not the
burning end!) you will eventually feel it getting
hotter. This is heat transfer by conduction.
If you hold your hand above the fire (but not too
close!), it will be warmed by convected air.
If you are somewhere in the vicinity, you will feel
the side toward the fire getting warmer by
radiation.