Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
By
Craig Wester, John Levine
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Outline
Introductions
Tools
Enervista Launchpad
On Line Store
Demo Relays at ISO / Levine
Multilin
Introduction
Speakers:
Craig Wester GE Multilin Regional Manager
John Levine GE Multilin Account Manager
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Objective
We are here to help make your job easier.
This is very informal and designed around
ISO Applications. Please ask question.
We are not here to preach to you.
The knowledge base on GE Multilin
Relays varies greatly at ISO. If you have a
question, there is a good chance there are
3 or 4 other people that have the same
question. Please ask it.
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Multilin
Tools
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Multilin
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Multilin
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Multilin
Multilin
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Future Classes
GE Multilin Training will be the 2nd Friday of
every month. We will cover:
March Basics, Enervista Launchpad, ANSI number
and what they represent, Uploading, downloading,
Training CDs, etc.
April 489 Relay
May MIF II relay
June - 750 Relay
July - UR relay basic including Enervista Engineer
August UR F60 and F35 relays
September G30 and G60 including Transformer and
Generator in same zone
October Communications and security
November - Neutral Grounding Resistors
December Cts and PTs
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Multilin
Protection Fundamentals
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Multilin
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Types of Protection
Overcurrent
Uses current to determine magnitude of fault
Simple
May employ definite time or inverse time curves
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination stacks)
Inexpensive
May use various polarizing voltages or ground current
for directionality
Communication aided schemes make more selective
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Multilin
Distribution
Substation
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Multilin
(TOC) Coordination
Relay closest to fault operates
first
Relays closer to source
operate slower
Time between operating for
same current is called CTI
Distribution
Substation
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Multiples of pick-up
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Types of Protection
Differential
current in = current out
Simple
Very fast
Very defined clearing area
Expensive
Practical distance limitations
Line differential systems overcome this using
digital communications
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Differential
Note CT polarity
dots
This is a
through-current
representation
Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Differential
Note CT
polarity dots
This is an
internal fault
representation
Perfect
waveforms, no
saturation
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Voltage
Uses voltage to infer fault or abnormal
condition
May employ definite time or inverse time
curves
May also be used for undervoltage load
shedding
Simple
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed (coordination
stacks)
Inexpensive
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Frequency
Uses frequency of voltage to detect power
balance condition
May employ definite time or inverse time
curves
Used for load shedding & machinery
under/overspeed protection
Simple
May be slow
Selectivity at the cost of speed can be expensive
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Power
Uses voltage and current to determine
power flow magnitude and direction
Typically definite time
Complex
May be slow
Accuracy important for many applications
Can be expensive
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Types of Protection
Distance (Impedance)
Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of
fault
Set on impedance [R-X] plane
Uses definite time
Impedance related to distance from relay
Complicated
Fast
Somewhat defined clearing area with reasonable
accuracy
Expensive
Communication aided schemes make more selective
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Impedance
ZL
ZB
T2
ZA
T1
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21
Source
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Multilin
Generation-typically at 4-20kV
Transmission-typically at 230-765kV
Typical
Bulk
Power
System
Multilin
Protection Zones
1. Generator or Generator-Transformer Units
2. Transformers
3. Buses
4. Lines (transmission and distribution)
Bus zone
Line zone
Bus zone
Motor zone
Transformer zone
Transformer zone
~
Generator
XFMR
Bus
Line
Bus
XFMR
Bus
Motor
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
Zone Overlap
1.
2.
Relay Zone A
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Relay Zone A
Zone B
Zone A
Relay Zone B
Zone B
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Multilin
C37.2:
Device
Numbers
Partial listing
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1-Line [1]
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1-Line [2]
3-Line
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86b
86
TC
86a
86b
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Current Transformers
Current transformers are used to step primary system currents
to values usable by relays, meters, SCADA, transducers, etc.
CT ratios are expressed as primary to secondary; 2000:5, 1200:5,
600:5, 300:5
A 2000:5 CT has a CTR of 400
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Voltage Transformers
Voltage (potential) transformers are used to isolate and step
down and accurately reproduce the scaled voltage for the
protective device or relay
VT ratios are typically expressed as primary to secondary;
14400:120, 7200:120
A 4160:120 VT has a VTR of 34.66
VP
VS
Relay
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Secondary Circuit
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Multilin
Equipment Grounding
Prevents shock exposure of personnel
Provides current carrying capability for the
ground-fault current
Grounding includes design and construction of
substation ground mat and CT and VT safety
grounding
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
System Grounding
Limits overvoltages
Limits difference in electric potential through local
area conducting objects
Several methods
Ungrounded
Reactance Coil Grounded
High Z Grounded
Low Z Grounded
Solidly Grounded
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GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin
System Grounding
1. Ungrounded: There is no intentional
ground applied to the systemhowever its grounded through
natural capacitance. Found in 2.415kV systems.
X0 <= 10 * X1
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GE Consumer & Industrial
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System Grounding
3. High Resistance Grounded: Limits
ground fault current to 10A-20A.
Used to limit transient overvoltages
due to arcing ground faults.
R0 <= X0C/3, X0C is capacitive zero
sequence reactance
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Multilin
System Grounding
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Medium/High
Resistance
Ground
Low/No
Resistance
Ground
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Substation Types
Single Supply
Multiple Supply
Mobile Substations for emergencies
Multilin
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Bus
1
Bus 2
Multilin
Main bus
Aux. bus
Main
Reserve
Transfer
Tie
breaker
Bus 1
Bus 2
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Multilin
Switchgear Defined
Assemblies containing electrical switching,
protection, metering and management devices
Used in three-phase, high-power industrial,
commercial and utility applications
Covers a variety of actual uses, including motor
control, distribution panels and outdoor
switchyards
The term "switchgear" is plural, even when
referring to a single switchgear assembly (never
say, "switchgears")
May be a described in terms of use:
"the generator switchgear"
"the stamping line switchgear"
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Contribution to Faults
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Useful Conversions
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Actual Quantity
Base Quantity
Vpu = Vactual
Vbase
Ipu = Iactual
Ibase
Zpu = Zactual
Zbase
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Zpu = Zactual
Zbase
Zpu1 = MVAbase1
kV
2
base1
2
base
MVAbase
Zactual
Zpu2 = MVAbase2
2
base1 x
kV 2base2
Zpu2 =Zpu1 x kV
kV
X
2
base2
Zactual
MVAbase2
MVAbase1
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Multilin
A Study of a Fault.
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Methods to Reduce
Arc Flash Hazard
Arc flash energy may be expressed in I2t terms,
so you can decrease the I or decrease the t to
lessen the energy
Protective relays can help lessen the t by
optimizing sensitivity and decreasing clearing time
Protective Relay Techniques
Multilin
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Multilin
Sacrifices coordination
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Multilin
Protection Fundamentals
QUESTIONS?
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Multilin