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Submitted by:
Dr. S B L SACHAN
Professor &Head
ECE Deptt.
NITTTR-CHANDIGARH
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Basic transitions
Once electrons-holes
pair are formed, there
are several possible
process by which the
electrons and holes
can recombine.
Fig 1
(a)_ Basic interband transition
(b)_Possible recombination process
involving impurity or defect states
(c)_ Auger recombination process
Fig_1 Basic transitions in a semiconductor
Basic transitions
The recombination shown in fig 1(a) indicate that the
emission of a photon is not necessarily at a single, discrete
energy, but can occur over a range of energies.
The spontaneous emission rate is given as :I(v)v2(hv-Eg)1/2exp[-(hv-Eg)/kT]
Where ,
Eg=bandgap energy
h = planks constant(6.625x10-34 J-s
k = Boltzmans constant(1.38x10-23J/K
Light emission
Luminescent Efficiency
All recombination are not radiactive.
Luminescent Efficiency
The interband recombination rate of electrons and holes
will be directly proportional to the number of electron
available and directly proportional to the number of
available energy state(holes). Given by
Rr = Bnp
Where,
LED
11
UV AlGaN
Blue GaN, InGaN
Red, green GaP
Red, yellow GaAsP
IR- GaAs
13
Wavelength
(nm)
Voltage (V)
Semiconductor Material
Infrared
< 760
V < 1.9
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Zinc selenide (ZnSe), Indium gallium nitride (InGaN), Silicon carbide (SiC) as
substrate, Silicon (Si)
Violet
Purple
multiple types
Dual blue/red LEDs,blue with red phosphor,or white with purple plastic
Ultraviolet
< 400
diamond (235 nm), Boron nitride (215 nm) , Aluminium nitride (AlN) (210 nm)
Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN) (AlGaInN) (to 210 nm)
White
Broad
spectrum
V = 3.5
Light Spectrum
Red, green and blue LEDs
16
Generation of Light
E=c/v = hc/E = 1.24/E m
When voltage applied across pn junction, electron and holes are
injected across the space charge region where they become
excess minority carriers
Excess minority carrier diffuse into neutral semiconductor region
where they recombine with majority carrier
If this recombine process is direct band to band process, photons
are emitted
In GaAs, electroluminescence originates primarily on p side of the
junction as the efficiency of electron injection is higher than that
for hole injection
17
18
19
20
Led Devices
The wavelength of the output of an LED is determined by
the bandgap energy.
Direct bandgap material(GaAs)
has a bandgap energy Eg =1.42eV
and =0.873m as shown in
fig_8
The output of GaAs LED is not in
the visible range.
For visible output, the
wavelength of the signal should
be in the range of 0.4 0.72m
and bandgap energy
1.7-3.1eV(approx.)
Fig_8 GaAs diode emission spectra at T=295K and T=77K
22
Led Devices
GaAs1-x Px is a direct bandgap material for 0 x0..45 as
shown in fig_9
At x=0.40, the bandgap
energy is approximately
Eg =1.9eV which would
produce an optical
output in the red range
23
Led Devices
The brightness of GaAs1-x Px diode can be varied for
different value of x (mole fraction)
Fig_10 shows the
brightness of GaAs1-x Px
diode for different value
of x
The peak brightness
occurs at red color.
GaAs0.6 P0.4 monolithic
array has been
fabricated for numeric
and alphanumeric
display.
Fig_10 brightness of GaAsP diode versus wavelength
24
Led Devices
when the mole fraction x of GaAsP is greater than 0.45, the material
change to an indirect bandgap semiconductor so that the quantum
efficiency is greatly reduced.
GaAlx As1-x can be used in a hetrojuction structure to form an LED.
Fig_11(a) shows the structure of GaAlAs hetrojunction LED.
Electron are injected from wide bandgap N- GaAl0.7 As0.3 to the narrow
bandgap p- GaAl0.7 As0.3
Led Devices
Fig_11(b) shows the thermal equilibrium energy-band
diagram of a GaAlAs hetrojunction LED
26
Testing of LED
Tri-color LED
The most popular type of tri-color LED has a red and a
green LED combined in one package with three leads.
They are called tri-color because mixed red and green
light appears to be yellow.
The diagram shows the organization of a tri-color LED.
Note the different lengths of the three leads.
The central lead (k) is the common cathode for both
LEDs, the outer leads (a1 and a2) are the anodes to the
LEDs allowing each one to be lit separately, or both
together to give the third color.
28
VS = supply voltage
VL = LED voltage (usually 2V, but 4V for blue and white LEDs)
I = LED current (e.g. 20mA), this must be less than the maximum permitted
If the calculated value is not available, choose the nearest standard resistor value
which is greater, to limit the current. Even greater resistor value will increase the
battery life but this will make the LED less bright.
For example
If the supply voltage VS = 9V, and you have a red LED (VL = 2V), requiring a current
I = 20mA = 0.020A,
R = (9V - 2V) / 0.02A = 350, so choose 390 (the nearest greater standard value).29
30
LED Displays
31
Wireless telemedicine
The PillCam is a swallow
diagnostic device, taking
high-quality, high-speed
photos as it passes through
the esophagus.
PillCam transmits 14
pictures/sec. to a receiver
worn by the patient.
This enables diagnosis of
throat disease and related
ailments.
32
PN JUNCTION-LASER DIODE
33
Laser diode
Laser stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation.
Laser diode produces a coherent spectral output with a
bandwidth of wavelength less than 0.1nm.
Laser diode are the modified LED in its structure and
operating condition
There are many different type of laser, one of them are pn
junction laser diode.
34
In thermal equilibrium
N2<N1
36
The change in intensity of z direction can be written as:dlv /dz (3 photons emitted/cm3 3 photons absorbed/cm3 )
or
dlv/dz=N2Wi .hv- N1Wi.hv
where
Wi = induced transition
probability
The equation assume no
loss mechenism and neglects
the spontaneous transition
40
Optical cavity
Optical cavity help to achieve the coherent emission output
by causing buildup of the optical intensity from positive feedback.
Fig_15 shows the optical cavity
fabricated by cleaving a gallium
arsenide crystal along the (110)
plane
The optical wave propagates
through the junction in the z
direction, bouncing back and forth
between the end mirror.
Only partial optical wave is
transmitted out of the junction.
For resonance, the length of the
cavity must be an integral number
of half wavelength
N(/2)=L
42
Radar/Laser Detectors
A radar/laser detector is a combination of a radar detector,
which senses radar in the air, and a laser detector, which looks
for laser beams directed at your car.