Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 42

Chapter 05 continued

The Unit Hydrograph


The S Hydrograph
Complex Hydrograph
hydrology and water management spring
2014

By. Engr.Rahat Ullah

outline
The unit hydrograph
Derivation of unit hydrograph from direct runoff hydrograph
Derivation of DRH from unit hydrograph
The S hydrograph
The complex hydrograph

Unit Hydrograph
The T-hour unit hydrograph may be defined as a hydrograph of direct
runoff resulting from unit rainfall-excess of a duration T hours having
occurred uniformly all over the catchment and having a constant rate
of occurrences.
Physical characteristics of the basin remain relatively constant. The
variable characteristics of the storm cause variation in the shape of
resulting hydrograph. The storm characteristics as discussed earlier
are the rainfall duration, time-intensity pattern, areal distribution of
rainfall and the amount of rainfall.

Unit Hydrograph
a. Rainfall Duration
The volume under unit hydrograph is always the same for a given catchment and
is equal to one unit, say one inch of runoff ( note that volume of one inch of
runoff means that one inch of rainfall excess over the whole catchment. The
actual volume will be the catchment area multiplied by one ). Peak value for a
lesser duration unit hydrograph is higher and is sharp, but the peak value for a
higher duration unit hydrograph is lower with larger base length.
b. Time Intensity Pattern
An infinite number of hydrographs would be required if an attempt is made to
draw separate unit hydrograph for each of the possible time-intensity patterns.
Practically the unit hydrograph may be based only on an assumption of uniform
intensity.
Higher-intensity storms will have higher peak with low base, and vice versa.

Unit Hydrograph
c. Areal Distribution of Rainfall
The unit hydrograph is based upon uniformly distributed rainfall over
whole of the catchment. So the actual flood hydrograph has to be
estimated accordingly from the unit hydrograph taking into account
the effect of areal distribution of rainfall.

Derivation of Unit Hydrograph


The following steps are followed in deriving a unit hydrograph:
Select an isolated storm, for which reliable rainfall and runoff data are
available.
Separate the base flow from the total runoff hydrograph and calculate
the volume of direct runoff.
Divide the ordinates of direct runoff by the effective rainfall. The
resulting hydrograph is a unit hydrograph for the catchment area for
the given duration of rainfall-excess.

Derivation of Unit Hydrograph


A unit hydrograph derived from a single storm may have some error,
and it is desirable to average the unit hydrograph from several storms
of the same duration.
The proper procedure is to compute the average of the peak flows
and time to peak. The average unit hydrograph is then sketched to
conform to those of the other graphs, passing through the computed
average peak, and having a volume of one-inch.

Example

Example
From the data given in Table below, derive a 6-hour unit hydrograph, if this data is obtained from
a six-hour duration storm and the catchment area is 3,200 square kilometers.
Date
(1)
11-Jan
12-Jan
13-Jan
14-Jan
15-Jan
16-Jan
17-Jan
18-Jan
19-Jan
20-Jan
21-Jan
22-Jan
23-Jan
24-Jan
25-Jan
26-Jan
27-Jan

Time
(day)
(2)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th

Discharge
(m/s)
(3)
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
521
160
82
63
59
53
47
45
38

Base Flow
(m/s)
(4)
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
11
21
29
35
47
53
47
45
38

Example (cont.)
Solution:
The calculations are shown in Table below. The Direct Runoff (DRO) is
obtained by subtracting base flow from discharge values. The DRO is
then multiplied by time interval to get total volume. This total volume
is divided by catchment area to get depth of effective rainfall in
centimeters spread uniformly over whole catchment. By definition of
unit hydrograph, its ordinates are obtained by dividing ordinates of
DRO by effective rain.

Example (cont.)
Date

Time
(day)

Discharge
(m/s)

(1)
(2)
(3)
11-Jan
1st
21
12-Jan
2nd
21
13-Jan
3rd
21
14-Jan
4th
20
15-Jan
5th
20
16-Jan
6th
20
17-Jan
7th
20
18-Jan
8th
20
19-Jan
9th
521
20-Jan
10th
160
21-Jan
11th
82
22-Jan
12th
63
23-Jan
13th
59
24-Jan
14th
53
25-Jan
15th
47
26-Jan
16th
45
27-Jan
17th
38
Total Volume 64.11 x106 m
Area
3200 x106 m
Effective Rain 2.00cm

Base Flow
(m/s)

DRO
(m/s)

Volume
(x106 m)

Ordinates of Unit
Hydrograph
(m/s)

(4)
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
11
21
29
35
47
53
47
45
38

(5)=(3)-(4)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
510
139
53
28
12
0
0
0
0

(6)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
44.06
12.01
4.58
2.42
1.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

(7)=(5)/Eff. Rain
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
255.00
69.50
26.50
14.00
6.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Volume
32.05x106 m
Effective Rain 1.00 cm

Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit


Hydrograph
Once the unit hydrograph of certain duration is determined, it can be used
to compute a hydrograph of the same duration. In order to derive the
hydrograph of same duration as that of the unit hydrograph, we have to
proceed in reverse to the process used to derive unit hydrograph. The
procedure will be as follows:
oThe unit hydrograph of a certain duration is given.
oDerive the ordinates of direct runoff hydrograph by multiplying the unit
hydrograph ordinates by effective rainfall.
oAdd base flow to the ordinates of direct runoff hydrograph to get total
runoff hydrograph. The peak of this hydrograph gives the maximum flow
due to the storm.

Example
Given the unit hydrograph of 4-hour duration, calculate the ordinates of total runoff hydrograph
of same duration from an excess precipitation of 10 cm. Assume constant Base Flow of 14 m3/sec.
Date
(1)
1-Jan

Time
(Hours)
(2)
24

2-Jan

24
3-Jan
24
4-Jan
24

Ordinates of Unit Hydrograph


(m/s)
(3)
0.00
3.00
17.00
34.00
51.00
17.00
6.00
0.00

Example (cont.)
The rainfall-excess has been reported as 10 cm. The ordinates of unit hydrograph are simply
multiplied by excess rainfall to get ordinates of Direct Runoff (DRO). Once the ordinates of DRO
are obtained, base flow is added to it to get Total flow ordinates. These computations are given in
table.
Date

Time
(Hours)

(1)

(2)

1-Jan
24
2-Jan
24
3-Jan
24
4-Jan
24

Time
Ordinates of
(Hours)
Unit
Hydrograph
(m/s)

DRO
(m/s)

Base
Flow
(m/s)

Total Flow
(m/s)

(3)

(4)

(5)=(4) x Excess
Rainfall Depth

(6)

(7)=(5)+(6)

0
12
24
48
60
72
84
96

0.00
3.00
17.00
34.00
51.00
17.00
6.00
0.00

0
30
170
340
510
170
60
0

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

14
44
184
354
524
184
74
14

Example (cont.)

S Curve
The S curve is a hydrograph obtained by summation of infinite
number of unit hydrographs of given duration each lagged by time
interval equal to the duration of the given hydrograph. The S curve
can be used to derive unit hydrograph of any desired duration. The
Derivation of the S curve is very simple. We keep on adding given unit
hydrograph ordinates each lagged by time equal to the duration of
given hydrograph from the previous one till we obtain a constant
value after addition or it starts fluctuating between some values.
The procedure of derivation of unit hydrograph from a given unit
hydrograph is explained further in the following example.

Example
Given is a unit hydrograph of 2 hour duration. Derive the 2 hours
duration S curve.
Time
(Hours)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

Flow (m/s)
0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

Example (cont.)
The calculations are shown in Table. In this table ordinates of unit
hydrograph of 2-hour duration are given in column 2. Column 1 is
time in hours. Other columns have ordinates in m/s. Columns 3 to 14
show lagged unit hydrographs. Column 15 is the addition which is the
S curve.

Example (cont.)
(1)

(2)

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(3)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(4)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(5)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(6)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(7)

(8)

0
95
0
164 95
121 164
91 121
54 91
18 54
0
18
0

(9)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(10)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(11)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(12)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(13)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(14)

0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(15)
0
95
259
380
471
525
543
543
543
543
543
543
543
543

Example (cont.)

Derivation of Any Duration Unit


Hydrograph
The procedure for derivation of any required duration unit hydrograph
from a given-duration unit hydrograph is described below:
oDerive the S-Curve (as per procedure explained above).
oOffset the position of the S-curve for a period equal to the desired duration
of hydrograph to be derived. This is called the lagged S-curve.
oSubtract the ordinates of lagged S-curve from the original S-curve at the
respective time intervals.
oThe ordinates of unit hydrograph of required duration are obtained by
multiplying the difference obtained in Step-3 with the ratio given duration
over required duration (i. e. multiply by the ratio = given duration/desired
duration).

Example
Given is unit hydrograph of 2-hours duration (previous example). Find 6-hours unit hydrograph for
the same catchment.
Solution: The derivation of S curve is given in previous example. Using that S curve the derivation
of 6 hours unit hydrograph is given below in Table .

Example (cont.)
Time

2-hour Unit
Hydrograph
Ordinates

S-Curve

Lagged
S-Curve

Difference

6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph
Ordinates

(1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

(2)
0
95
164
121
91
54
18
0

(3)
0
95
259
380
471
525
543
543
543
543

(4)

(5)=(3)-(4)
0
95
259
380
376
266
163
72
18
0

= (5) x 2 / 6
0
32
86
127
125
89
54
24
6
0

0
95
259
380
471
525
543

Example (cont.)
The given 2-hr hydrograph and developed 6-hr hydrographs are shown in Figure. It may be noted
that increasing the duration of unit hydrograph has decreased peak flow.

Composite Hydrograph
The stream-flow hydrograph may be due to more than one storm. In
that case we have to separate the effect of each storm. This is
composite hydrograph separation.

Example
Given is hydrograph resulting from two storms each of 6-hours
duration (Table below). The rainfall intensity of first storm is 0.8 cm
and that of second storm is 0.6 cm each of 6-hr duration. Separate
the hydrograph of both storms and find 6 hr unit hydrograph for each
storm.

Example (cont.)
Date

22-05-65

23-04-65

24-04-65

Time Composite
(Hours) Hydrograph
(cumecs)

0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54

Date

750.00
1,400.00 25-04-65
2,300.00
3,000.00
7,000.00
13,000.00 26-04-65
23,000.00
29,700.00
25,000.00

Time Composite
(Hours) Hydrograph
(cumecs)

60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114

19,100.00
15,000.00
11,400.00
9,300.00
7,800.00
6,300.00
5,700.00
4,800.00
4,000.00
3,700.00

Date

27-04-65

28-04-65

29-04-65

Time
Composite
(Hours) Hydrograph
(cumecs)

120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168

3,300.00
2,900.00
2,600.00
2,100.00
1,700.00
1,300.00
900.00
600.00
-

Example (cont.)
Solution : The following steps illustrate the procedure.
oTotal rainfall is 0.8 + 0.6 = 1.4 cm. The contribution of second storm
relative to the first storm is 0.6/0.8=0.75. The ordinates of first
hydrograph are, therefore obtained by subtracting effect of second
hydrograph from composite hydrograph. Since second storm occurs 6
hours later than the first one, the first ordinate of composite
hydrograph is due to contribution of first storm. Therefore first
ordinate of first hydrograph is 750 - 0 = 750.

Example (cont.)
oThe second ordinate is obtained by subtracting (0.6/0.8)x750=562.50
from second ordinate of composite hydrograph i.e. 1400 - 562.50 =
837.50. The third ordinate of first storm hydrograph is obtained by
subtracting 0.75 x 837.50 = 628.12 from third ordinate of composite
hydrograph i.e. 1671.88 and so on. The calculations are shown in
table below.

Example (cont.)
oThe ordinates of second hydrograph are obtained simply by
subtracting ordinates of first hydrograph from composite hydrograph.
oFor unit hydrograph, ordinates of each hydrograph are divided by
their respective rainfall intensities.

Date

22-04-65

23-04-65

24-04-65

25-04-65

26-04-65

27-04-65

28-04-65

29-04-65

Time

Composite
Hydrograph

First 6 Hour
Hydrograph

Second 6 Hour
Hydrograph

(Hours)
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
96
102
108
114
120
126
132
138
144
150
156
162
168

(cumecs)
750.00
1,400.00
2,300.00
3,000.00
7,000.00
13,000.00
23,000.00
29,700.00
25,000.00
19,100.00
15,000.00
11,400.00
9,300.00
7,800.00
6,300.00
5,700.00
4,800.00
4,000.00
3,700.00
3,300.00
2,900.00
2,600.00
2,100.00
1,700.00
1,300.00
900.00
600.00
-

(0.8 cm)
750.00
837.50
1,671.88
1,746.09
5,690.43
8,732.18
16,450.87
17,361.85
11,978.61
10,116.04
7,412.97
5,840.27
4,919.80
4,110.15
3,217.38
3,286.96
2,334.78
2,248.92
2,013.31
1,790.02
1,557.49
1,431.88
1,026.09
930.43
602.17
448.37
263.72
-

(0.6 cm)

562.50
628.13
1,253.91
1,309.57
4,267.82
6,549.13
12,338.15
13,021.39
8,983.96
7,587.03
5,559.73
4,380.20
3,689.85
3,082.62
2,413.04
2,465.22
1,751.08
1,686.69
1,509.98
1,342.51
1,168.12
1,073.91
769.57
697.83
451.63
336.28
-

6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph (First
Storm)

6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph
(Second Storm)

937.50
1,046.88
2,089.84
2,182.62
7,113.04
10,915.22
20,563.58
21,702.31
14,973.27
12,645.05
9,266.21
7,300.34
6,149.74
5,137.69
4,021.73
4,108.70
2,918.47
2,811.14
2,516.64
2,237.52
1,946.86
1,789.85
1,282.61
1,163.04
752.72
560.46
329.65
-

937.50
1,046.88
2,089.84
2,182.62
7,113.04
10,915.22
20,563.58
21,702.31
14,973.27
12,645.05
9,266.21
7,300.34
6,149.74
5,137.69
4,021.73
4,108.70
2,918.47
2,811.14
2,516.64
2,237.52
1,946.86
1,789.85
1,282.61
1,163.04
752.72
560.46
-

Example (cont.)

Example
Develop a complex hydrograph for the following data given in Table,
Take R1 / R2 = 1.2
Time

q1

200

400 1000 2800 1400 900

10

11

700

480

200

Example (cont.)
Solution : Table below gives calculations for determination of q2 & Q, in which ordinates of q2 have been
calculated by using a modified but simple formula given in the table.
n

TIME

q1

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
200
400
1000
2800
1400
900
700
480
200
0

Ordinates of
q2=(R1/R2)xq1(n-1)

Discharge Q of
complex hydrograph

0
240
480
1200
3360
1680
1080
840
576
240
0

0
200
640
1480
4000
4760
2580
1780
1320
776
240
0

Example (cont.)

Example
Develop a complex hydrograph for the following data given below,
Take R1 / R2 = 1.2 and R1 / R3 = 1.5
Time

q1

200

400 1000 2800 1400 900

10

11

700

480

200

Example (cont.)
Solution : Table below gives calculations for determination of q2, q3
and Q, in which ordinates of q2 and q3 have been calculated by using
modified but simple formulae given in the table.

Example (cont.)
n

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

TIME

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

q1

Ordinates of
q2=(R1/R2)xq1(n-1)

Ordinates of
q3=(R1/R3)xq1(n-2)

Discharge Q of
complex
hydrograph

(1)
0
200
400
1000
2800
1400
900
700
480
200
0

(2)

(3)

(1) + (2) + (3)


0
200
640
1780
4600
6260
6780
3880
2670
1826
960
300
0

0
240
480
1200
3360
1680
1080
840
576
240
0

0
300
600
1500
4200
2100
1350
1050
720
300
0

Example (cont.)

Assignment
The hydrograph given in table below resulted from three successive 6-hour period rainfall, having
runoff estimated as 1.5, 3.0 and 2.3 cm, respectively. The area of the basin is 148.5 km. Assuming
a constant base flow of 10 m/s, derive the ordinates of a 6-hour unit hydrograph for the basin.
Time
(Hours)
0

Flow (m/s)

10

Time
(Hours)
21

Flow (m/s)

31

24

65

89

27

36

90

30

19

12

198

33

13

15

132

36

10

18

193

99

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi