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Network Organization
Concepts
• Network types:
– Local area networks (LAN)
– Metropolitan area networks (MAN)
– Wide area networks (WAN)
• Types of switching:
– Circuit switching
– Packet switching
• Datagrams: (continued)
– Message can’t be delivered until all packets are
accounted for
– Receiving node requests retransmission of lost or
damaged packets
– Advantages:
• Helps diminish congestion by sending incoming
packets through less heavily used paths
• Provides more reliability, because alternate paths may
be set up when one node fails
• Disadvantages of CSMA:
– Collision if two or more nodes transmit at same
instant
– Probability of collisions increases if nodes are farther
apart
• CSMA less appealing access protocol for large or
complex networks
• CSMA/CD: CSMA algorithm modified to include
collision detection, e.g., Ethernet
– Collisions not completely eliminated but reduced
– Reduces wasted transmission capacity
CSMA/CD:
• Access method prevents multiple nodes from
colliding during transmission
– e.g., Implemented in LocalTalk, Apple’s cabling
system
• If collisions occur, involve only a small packet, not
actual data (in case of Apple CSMA/CA)
• Protocol does not guarantee data will reach its
destination, but ensures that any data that’s
delivered will be error free
• Token-bus: (continued)
– Higher overhead at each node than CSMA/CD
– Nodes may have long waits under certain conditions
before receiving token
• Token-ring: Token moves between the nodes in
turn and in one direction only
– If a node wants to send a message it must wait for
the free token to come by
– Receiving node copies the message in the packet
and sets the copied bit to indicate it was successfully
received
• Advantages of DQDB:
– Provides negligible delays under light loads and
predictable queuing under heavy loads
– Suitable for MANs that manage large file transfers
– Able to satisfy the needs of interactive users