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Circuit Theory
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
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Quantity
Length
Mass
Time
Electric current
Thermodynamic
temperature
Luminous intensity
Basic unit
meter
kilogram
second
ampere
kelvin
Symbol
m
Kg
s
A
K
candela
cd
10
11
12
13
14
Positive ions
Negative ions
17
18
19
1
.
87
x
10
electrons/min
19
1.602x10 C/electron
20
= 42.447x106 protons
vab dw / dq
(volt)
dw dw dq
vi
Mathematical expression: p
dt dq dt
i
i
+
P = +vi
absorbing power
p = vi
supplying power
28
p0
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
in joules (J) ***.
Mathematical expression
t0
t0
w pdt vidt
29
Passive Elements
Independent Dependant
sources
sources
Figure 2.1.1P
31
EFFICIENCY
EFFICIENCY
Poor efficiency results in wasted energy and higher costs. For
example, an inefficient motor costs more to run than an
efficient one for the same output. An inefficient piece of
electronic gear generates more heat than an efficient one, and
this heat must be removed, resulting in increased costs for
fans, heat sinks, and the like. Efficiency can be expressed in
terms of either energy or power. Power is generally easier to
measure, so we usually use power.
RESISTANCE OF
CONDUCTORS
RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTORS
Conductors are materials which permit the flow of charge.
However, conductors do not all behave the same way. Rather, we
find that the resistance of a material is dependent upon several
factors:
Type of material
Length of the conductor
Cross-sectional area
Temperature
RESISTIVITY
The resistance of a conductor of uniform cross section is
directly proportional to the length of the conductor and
inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.
Resistance is also a function of the temperature of the
conductor. At a fixed temperature the resistance of a
conductor is
Wire Sizing
The American Wire Gauge system for specifying wire
diameters was developed using a unit called the circular
mil (CM), which is defined as the area contained within a
circle having a diameter of 1 mil (1 mil = 0.001 inch). A
square mil is defined as the area contained in a square
having side dimensions
of 1 mil.
Wire Sizing
Temperature Effects
The resistances of most good conducting materials increase
almost linearly with temperature over the range of normal
operating temperatures, as shown by the solid line in following
figure. However, some materials, and common semiconductors in
particular, have resistances that decrease with temperature
increases.
If the straight-line portion in Figure is extended to the left, it
crosses the temperature axis at a temperature To at which the
resistance appears to be zero. This temperature To is the
inferred zero resistance temperature. (The actual zero
resistance temperature is -273 'C.) If To is known and if the
resistance R , at another temperature T, is known, then the
resistance R , at another temperature T2 is, from straight-line
geometry,