Teknik Pengaturan

Lecture 4: DAQ & Signal
Conditioning
March 29, 2007
TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran
Joga Dharma Setiawan, PhD
Presentation Overview
Signal Conditioning: Filter Terminology & Types

DAQ Tools for Science & Engineering
Data Acquisition (DAQ) Specs
Wire connection type
Connecting Instruments & DAQ to PC
How fast must you sample ?
Spectral Analysis
Advantages of Software Controlled DAQ
LabView
Universitas Diponegoro 2007
Signal, System, Filtering
Signal
System
Abstraction of any measurable quantity, function

of 1 or more indep vars. ie time, space
Abstraction of anything that takes an input signal,
operates on it, and produces as output signal
Filtering
Process of selectively removing or altering the

frequency content of a signal
Filter Terminology
Filter Terminology
Gain
Phase
Passband, Stopband, Transition-band,
Stopband attenuation
Passband Ripple, Stopband Ripple
Roll-off rate, Order
Cutoff Frequency, Bandwidth
Decade, Octave
Q
Type of Filters
Low Pass
High Pass
Bandpass , Notch
Oscilloscope
2 GHz, 4 channels, up to 4 GS/s. Powerful triggering and

automatic measurement capability. Includes floppy,
Centronics, RS-232 and GPIB.
Dynamic Signal Analyzer
244 Hz to 102.4 kHz in 1-channel mode, 122 Hz to 51.2

kHz in 2-channel mode. Built-in sine, noise, random and
chirp source. 3.5" floppy drive.
Computer Controlled DAQ
DAQ Device
Computer
Sensors
Cable
Terminal Block
DAQ Specs
Basic Components
Transducer
Output
Voltage Vt
Signal Conditioning
Amplification (A)
Conditioned
Isolation
Voltage (Vc)
Filters
Vc = Vt A
Etc.
A/D Conversion
# of Bits Resolution
Max. Theoretical Resolution = Vc/2#bits
Computer Memory
as Digital
Information
10
DAQ Specs
Range
Resolution
Speed of acquisition (sampling rate)
Number of channels
Multiplex vs. Simultaneous
On-board amplification (gain)
Options:
Analog output
Digital output
Hardware Filtering
Triggering
11
Range & Resolution
Refers to amplitude of input signal, example:
Unipolar
0 to + 10V
Bipolar
-10 to +10
Software selectable
Resolution = Range/2N
N= number of bits, 2N = number of bins

Example:
12-bit resolution for 0-10V range= 10V/212=2.44mV

16-bit resolution for 10 to 10V range= 20V/216=0.305mV
12
Range & Resolution
Clipping Error
Voltage signals
If the original signal lies outside the range of the A/D

converter it will be clipped at the extreme value
If the signal < few mV need to amplify

If the signal > 10 V have to divide
If the signal is noisy need shielding, grounding, filtering
Current signals
Current signal is good in noisy environment, long distance

wire. Converted to voltage using a resistor near the next
measurement point
13
Wire Connection Type

NRSE
Non-Referenced Single
Ended (NRSE)
GRSE
Referenced Single
Ended (GRSE)
Differential
Differential
generally preferred due

to its superior noise
rejection capabilities.
14
Connecting Instruments and DAQ to PC
Plug-In Cards
RS-232 Serial Link
RS-485 Serial Link (Centronics)
General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB), RS-488
Ethernet
Others:
USB (Universal Serial Bus)

CAN (Controller Area Network)
IEEE1348 (Fire Wire)
15
Connecting Instruments and DAQ to PC
Instrument connection comparison
16
How Fast Must You Sample ?
Sampling rate must be at least twice input frequency

(Nyquist Criteria) otherwise Aliasing error will appear
Aliasing error
reduce the accuracy of the data collected

show up as spurious lower frequency errors that cannot be
distinguished from valid sampled data.
example, with a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz, a signal at 800
Hz will be aliased to 200 Hz (the false lower frequency).
Antialiasing filter
Low pass filter with BW of less than sampling frequency
17
Spectral Analysis
To determine the frequencies presents in a complex

wave form that we measure.
Describe time varying signals as the sum of other
time varying components
Fourier Transform (FT)
Useful for continuous, periodic, analog signals of known

fundamental frequency
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
A simple and efficient way to calculate the Discrete Fourier

Transform (DFT)
Can be applied to signals that are not periodic
No need to know the signal frequency prior to calculation
18
Spectral Analysis
FFT of a pure sine wave
19
Spectral Analysis
FFT of a random signal
20
Advantages of Software Controlled DAQ
Decreases test-to-test variability.

Greater flexibility in controlling complex test
procedures.
Real-time acquisition, analysis and display.
Data is easier to archive and put into presentations.
A very powerful tool in the hands of a competent test
engineer.
21
Virtual Instrumentation with LabVIEW
Visual programming is a method of writing software

using icons and wires as the computer language.
22
LabVIEW
Front Panel
Back Panel
Control Buttons
Icon
23
LabVIEW Palettes
Tools Palette
Control Palette
Functions Palette
24

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Lecture 4: DAQ & Signal

Signal Conditioning: Filter Terminology & Types

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Signal, System, Filtering

Abstraction of any measurable quantity, function

Process of selectively removing or altering the

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

DAQ Tools for Science & Engineering

2 GHz, 4 channels, up to 4 GS/s. Powerful triggering and

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

DAQ Tools for Science & Engineering

Dynamic Signal Analyzer

244 Hz to 102.4 kHz in 1-channel mode, 122 Hz to 51.2

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

DAQ Tools for Science & Engineering

Computer Controlled DAQ

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Max. Theoretical Resolution = Vc/2#bits

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Range & Resolution

Refers to amplitude of input signal, example:

N= number of bits, 2N = number of bins

12-bit resolution for 0-10V range= 10V/212=2.44mV

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Range & Resolution

If the original signal lies outside the range of the A/D

If the signal < few mV need to amplify

Current signal is good in noisy environment, long distance

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Wire Connection Type

generally preferred due

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Connecting Instruments and DAQ to PC

USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

Connecting Instruments and DAQ to PC

Instrument connection comparison

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

How Fast Must You Sample ?

Sampling rate must be at least twice input frequency

reduce the accuracy of the data collected

Low pass filter with BW of less than sampling frequency

Universitas Diponegoro 2007

TKM366 Teknik Pengukuran

To determine the frequencies presents in a complex