Conflict Resolution

Uzbekistan

Regional Militancy: Late 1990s to Early 2000s

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

Karimov Government
Origins of IMU
Islamic movement called Adolat ("Justice")
Tohir Yuldosh and Jumaboy Khojiev (later

known as Juma Namangani)

IMU Timeline
April 1991

December
1991

1997

March 1992

November
1991 to Spring
1992

1998

August 25 1999

1990

Contacts:
Major raid into Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan
Car bomb attacks
Kidnapping of several officials

Motives:
1. Territory
2. Trafficking of Narcotics

Issue of Islamic Extremism in

Uzbekistan
Current Status and External Factors Involved

 May 2005
Troops opened
fire in Andijan

Fewer than 190

died

 Strong criticism from the West and negative

effect on their relations
Expulsion of US forces
Russia most reliable partner and ally

 2008
Improving ties with the West
Alternative energy sources in Central Asia
Strategies in the anti-Taliban operations

2009
EU eased sanctions (lifting of arms embargo)
World Bank reversed a decision to suspend loans
to Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan criticising plans for a Russian base

in neighbouring Kyrgyzstan

China and Philippines

Conflict

Geographical Setting
South China Sea
The south China Sea is a semi enclosed sea
encompassing an area of 3,5000,000 km
surrounded by Southeast Asian countries and
also reach its grasp in some portion of the Pacific
Ocean.

Stretching from Singapore and the Straight of

Malaca in the Southwest, Straight of Taiwan in
the NorthEast, Borneo sea in the South,
Taiwan, and Vietnam in North, Thailand, and
Malaysia in the West and Philppines on its
Eastern part.

The South China Sea is Comprised of 250 islands

most of which has no inhabitants. This islands can
be further subdivided into four sub-archipelagos:

Spratley Islands
The Macclesfield Islands
Paracel Islands
Pratas Islands

Bajo Masinloc
Scarborough Shoal is known by several names.
It is referred to as Bajo de Masinloc or Panatag
Shoal by the Philippines and Huangyan Island
by China. It is located about 124 nautical miles
from the nearest coast of the Philippines and
approximately 472 nautical miles from the
nearest coast of China.

Strategic Importance and

Economic Resource Potential
The South China Sea is strategically located in the
main sea lines between Asia, Middle East and
Europe making it a major international artery
for maritime trade and transportation where
half or maritime trade passes which renders
secure global trade. The region also plays naval
and military role in maintaining global Maritime
security. Billions of natural gas and oil
resources can also be found on the said region.

Strategic Importance and

Economic Resource Potential
The waters around Bajo de Masinloc are
considered valuable for the fisheries resources
associated with it. Philippine local fishermen
from the provinces of Zambales, Bataan, and
Pangasinan consider Bajo de Masinloc an
important source of livelihood, with an annual
potential yield of 5,021 metric tons annually.

China-Philippines Claim over

Maritime Boundaries
Republic Act No. 9522 (2009) A law amending its old
baselines and defining archipelagic baselines in the
Philippines relevant to the Provisions of UNCLOS.
China defined system of straight baselines which
encompasses much of its territorial sea baselines as its
internal waters.
The Philippines claims to 200nm EEZ under the
provisions on UNCLOS.

Chinas Claim
Historical basis
Historical records far back 200 BC
France-China 1887 Treaty
9-Dashed Line

9-Dash Line by China

Philippines Claim
Legal basis in reference to the international
law.
Presidential Decree 1596 Proclaiming the
Kalayaan Island Group (KIG)
Historical Basis

 The Contest over territorial Sovereignty on

Scarborough Shoal is part of bigger dispute over
the South China Sea is due to the following
reasons: Number of parties directly and
indirectly involved; Geo-Political and strategic
importance and third its economic resource
potential.

Current Status of Conflict

between Philippines and China

2012
2014
10 January
11 March
30 March
Second Thomas Shoal

China
The common denominator in all of the South
China Seas existing disputes is China. Beijing
serves as the primary catalyst for tension and
crisis in these disputes. Its declaration of a ninedash line claim of sovereignty that covers almost
the entire Sea is stunning in its ambition and
boldness.

External Factors Involved in the

Conflict
1. United States of America
The US has repeatedly stated that the
Philippine-claimed territories were not covered
by the Mutual Defence Treaty of 1951 which
ties the Philippines to US. The US has
consistently limited its interest with the
preservation of the freedom of navigation and
the mobility of the Seventh fleet.

Currently, the United States have declared their

neutral stand in the issue of the territorial
disputes between China and the Philippines,
however, if the freedom of navigation in the
South China Sea has been violated and
threatened, that is where the United States
would take action.

And if China would gain an overall power over

the South China Sea, the US would encounter
problems:
1. in terms of their surveillance and reconnaissance
activities
2. the freedom of navigation

2. UN
In January 2013, Manila said it was taking
China to a UN tribunal under the auspices of
the UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea, to
challenge its claims in the South China Sea..

Over the years, China has tended to favour

bilateral arrangements negotiated behind closed
doors - but other countries want international
mediation. Even if the Philippines is successful
in its attempts to pursue China at a UN tribunal,
however, China would not be obliged to abide
by the ruling.

3. ASEAN Countries
Vietnam, Brunei and Indonesia
Triple Action Plan (TAP)