By

M.Freethan
M-42801

FACTS AND ILLUSIONS

Introduction
Control valves
Types of control valves
Actuators
Positioners
Case study on handling control valves
smartly

What are VALVES?

Mechanical devices designed to direct, stop, mix
or regulate the flow, pressure or temperature
of a process fluid.
Kinds of VALVES:
On-off valves, One way valves & Throttling valves.
Types of VALVES:
Gate, Plug, Ball, Butterfly, Check, Pressure-relief
& Globe valves.

Globe valve

Gate valve

Ball valve

Plug valve

What are VALVES made of ?

Steel, Iron, Plastic, Brass or any other Special
Alloys.
How to select VALVES ?
VALVE Coefficient (Cv):
Measurement commonly applied to valves is
the valve coeff or the flow coeff.

If Cv is not calculated, the valve experiences

diminished performance.

Too small Cv :
Valve under sized
Starving for fluid
Buildup of upstream pressure
Higher backstream pressure damaging equipments
Cavitation & Flashing
Too large Cv :
Large oversized valve is selected
Cost, size & weight increases
Higher pressure drops and faster velocity causing
cavitation, flashing & corrosion
Bath tub stopper effect

Cv is defined as number of US gallons per

minute of water at 60F that flows
through valve with a pressure drop of
1 Psi

How do we compare VALVES ?

Rangeability:

Ratio of maximum to minimum flow that can be acte

upon by the VALVE after receiving the signal from
the controller.

Factors affecting rangeability :

Valves geometry (plug and seat of a gate valve)
Seat leakage (valve instability)
Actuator (more stiffness at near closure)

Sensitivity :
Change in output / Change in input
SHUT OFF
Classification:
ANSI Class I Open classification-tests not
Required, Allows specified agreement over
required leakage

ANSI Class II Shutoff is 0.5% of the rated valve

Capacity

ANSI Class III 0.1% rated valve capacity used

at places where higher cutoff is required
ANSI Class IV Industry standard for single
seated Valve with metal-metal seating surface,
0.01% of rated valve capacity
ANSI Class V & VI - Throttling valves where
Shutoff is primary

ANSI Class V Shutoff focus is defined as

0.0005cm/min per inch of orifice dia/psi
Differential used when control valve has to be
closed for a long time
ANSI Class VI bubble tight shutoff valve, metal
to elastometer soft seating surfaces-independent
of pressure differentials

BODY END CONNECTION

Designed to match piping connection,
> 2 inches use thread connection
< 2 inches > flanged
WELDED END CONNECTION - Delivers zero
leakage

Stockweld HP,HT fluids in < 2in

Buttweld HT, HP

CONTROL VALVE
A throttling valve designed with an

actuating system to work within control

loops.
Control valves are throttling valves but all
throttling Valves are not control valves

Control valves

Body assembly

Globe

Butterfly

Actuator (Subassemblies)

Ball

Eccentric
(Construction)

Air To Close Valve

P FLOW
=P1-P2
P SHUTOFF =P1-PLOAD
1. USUALLY P SHUTOFF > P
FLOW
2. Methods to increase P SHUTOFF
1. Increase PLOAD
2. Increase ADiaphragm
3. Reduce FSpring
4. Reduce Packing
Fup = Fdown
P1 * APort+ FSpring+
Packing=PLOAD* ADiaphragm+
P2 * APlug
Note: Inlet Pressure tends to push
open plug

Air To Open Valve

P FLOW
=P1-P2
P SHUTOFF =P1-PLOAD
1. USUALLY P SHUTOFF > P
FLOW
2. Methods to increase P SHUTOFF
1. Decrease PLOAD
2. Increase ADiaphragm
3. Increase FSpring
4. Reduce Packing
Fup = Fdown
P1 * APort+PLOAD* ADiaphragm +
Packing= FSpring +P2 * APlug
Note: Inlet Pressure tends to push
open plug

GLOBE VALVES
Most common, Rising stem control valves
Design simplicity, versatility of applications, easy
Maintenance & ability to handle a wide temperature
and pressure range
Size < 0.5-42 inches >

Globe valves:
Most widely used valve in
Ammonia plant
Has a cage to regulate flow

BUTTERFLY VALVES
Early 1930 used as ON-OFF block valves,
Now used as throttling valves- High performance
Butterfly valves is a quarter turn rotatory motion
Valve that uses rotating round disk as a regulating
Element.
Size< 2 in- 8 in >
Cons deadband
Pros smaller & lighter in weight

Butterfly valves:
Used widely in water
treatment plant since
Large pipes are used

BALL VALVES
Similar to butterfly control valves, Accurate
Control possible, Improved sealing & highly accurate
Matching of balls have provided tight shutoff.

Used in slurries or pulp applications. Can be installed

vertically in pipe lines.

Ball valves:
Used for slurry
applications

ECCENTRIC VALVES
Growing in demand , combines the positive
Aspects of Ball, Globe, Butterfly, Rotary valves using
An offset plug to swing into a seat to close the valve.

Pressure drop < 100 psi >

Avoids water hammering effects

ACTUATORS
A device mounted on a valve that in response to a
Signal, automatically moves the valve to the required
position using an outside power source. The addition
Of an actuator to a throttling valve is called a

CONTROL VALVE

ACTUATORS

Pneumatic

Diaphragm

Electronic motor

Piston

Electro hydraulic

PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
Air is relatively inexpensive, 90% of the
Industries employ these actuators.
HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
Exceptional stiffness & high thrust are
required, Fast stroking speeds.
Hydraulic fluid above and below a piston to position
the valve.

LINEAR ACTUATOR

ROTARY ACTUATOR

ELECTROHYDRAULIC ACTUATOR
Self contained hydraulic system, electrical
Signal feeds to an internal pumps, which uses
hydraulic fluid from a reservoir to feed hydraulic
fluid above or below the piston.

Pros Exceptionally stiff because of the

incompressibility of liquids.
Cons Expensive and Bulky

POSITIONERS
A device attached to an actuator that receives
An electronic or pneumatic signals from the controller

And compares this signal to the actuators position.

3-way positioners
Send and exhaust air to only one side of a
Single acting actuator that is opposed by a range
Spring.

4-way positioners
Send and exhaust air to both sides of an
actuator which is required for double acting
actuators.

Reasons To use Positioners

Increase control system resolution
i.e)fine resolution.
Allow use of characteristic cams.
Minimize packing friction effects.
Allow Split Ranging.
Overcome seating friction in rotary valves.
Facilitate operation when the higher
number in the bench-set range is greater
than 1ksc

Reasons To use Positioners

Permit use of piston actuators.
Allow distance between controller and
control valve using the advantage of
4-20ma signal.

CASE STUDY
Implementing FUZZY concepts in controllers
driving the control valves

References
Valves handbook

Fuzzy logic by Lofti.A.Zadeh

Valves presentation by
Mr.Charles Dhanraj

QUESTIONS