The NIBB MARS DEBATES

Raising Awareness by Understanding

Problems & Consequenes
Of...

...Passenger ship safety

...How safe...

...is safe

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Agenda
What is a passenger ship
Cruise industry Facts & figures
Cruise industry General informaton
Learning form accidents (improvements)
Costa Concordia
Aspects to consider (free debate)
Quiz

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1/ What is a passenger ship?

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Cruise ship
Ocean liner
Ro-Pax
Ferry
Fast Ferry
River cruises

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Cruise ship:
Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages.
Voyage itself + ship's amenities + different destinations.
Transportation is not the prime purpose

Ocean liner (passenger ship):

Transport of passengers (some freight, mail,...) from A to B

Built to higher standard
High freeboard
Large capacities for fuel/provisions/consumables...

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> 12 passengers
When intl trading: compliance SOLAS, ICLL, IMO regs

Passenger ship cruise ship:

Passenger ship:
High fuel consumption (speed)
Deep draught
Enclosed decks
Cabins to maximize passenger numbers
Lower comfort (windowless suites)

Cruise ships:
Amenities more important than speed
Balcony-laden floating condominiums

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2/ Cruise industry (2011): Facts & Figures

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In 2011:
30 billions US$ industry
19 millions passengers
Booming industry
Ship size: 270 360 m > 100,000 GT (Oasis of the Seas: 225,000 GT)
Number of passengers/ship: 3000-4000 (average) to 6300 (max)
Mariner of the Seas consume 20,000 pounds (9,000 kg) of beef, 28,000
eggs, 8,000 gallons (30,000 L) of ice cream, and 18,000 slices of pizza in
a week.
50% of energy = Catering dept.
Passenger ship in decline (aviation industrty)
Cruise industry gaining popularity

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3/ Cruise industry: General information

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Tailor made formulas: Speciality range of products:
Passenger age
Tall ships/sailing vessels
Size of vessels
Expedition
...
Companies:
Carnival
Royal Caribbean Cruises
Star cruises
Norwegian Cruise Line
MSC Cruises
Louis Cruise Lines

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Organisation: Normal ship +
Ships crew + hospitality staff =/> passengers
Restaurants (Dining & buffet style)
Shows/performances
50% of energy = Catering dept.
Excursions
Tax free shops
Casinos/events
Other uses:
Troop transport & hospital ships (ocean liners)
Hotel ships (Athens olympics)
Emergency accommodation for evacuees (Katrina)

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Amenities:
Casino Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws
Spa
Fitness center
Shops Only open when ship is at sea to avoid merchandising licensing and local taxes
Library
Theatre with Broadway style shows
Cinema
Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool
Hot tub
Buffet restaurant
Lounges
Gym
Clubs
Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, miniature golf
courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts,
chain restaurants and/or ropes obstacle courses.

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4/ Learning from incidents
Improvements (following incidents):

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Improvements over last years (following incidents):
Escape routes/Fire protetion for large atrium cruise ships, LSA.
ISM
STCW (crew training requirements, crowd management)
MARPOL (waste)
The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) at its 82nd session in NovemberDecember 2006 adopted a package of amendments to SOLAS:
Prevention from accidents occuring
Improved survivability

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The amendments also provide regulatory flexibility so that ship designers can
meet any safety challenges the future may bring. The amendments include:
Alternative designs and arrangements;
Safe areas and the essential systems to be maintained while a ship
proceeds to port after a casualty, which will require redundancy of
propulsion and other essential systems;
On-board safety centers, from where safety systems can be controlled,
operated and monitored;
Fixed fire detection and alarm systems, including requirements for fire
detectors and manually operated call points to be capable of being remotely
and individually identified;
Fire prevention, including amendments aimed at enhancing the fire safety of
atriums, the means of escape in case of fire and ventilation systems; and
Time for orderly evacuation and abandonment, including requirements for the
essential systems that must remain operational in case any one main vertical
zone is unserviceable due to fire.

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Following submissions made by Italy and other interested parties (cruise
industry) on 01/06/2012 the IMO Maritime Safety Committee adopted
Recommended Interim Measures for Passenger Ship Companies to enhance the
Safety of Passenger Ships (Circular 1446).
These interim measures cover following :
Provision of additional lifejackets in public spaces, at muster stations or in lifeboats to avoid
passengers having to return to their cabins in case the ship needs to be abandoned.
Ensure that communication and emergency instructions to passengers are duly understood,
taking into account potential language barriers (not all passengers understand English).
For voyages exceeding 24 hours there should be a lifeboat drill for all new passengers before
departure.
When the vessel is sailing in congested waters or where navigation requires increased
vigilance (e.g. in poor visibility), access to the bridge should be restricted to operational
personnel only i.e. no passengers.
Ensure that passage plans duly take Guidelines for voyage planning (in remote areas as
applicable) into account and clearly specify/limit the circumstances in which the master can
deviate from the passage plan, other than for safety or security reasons, as well as the
procedures to follow in such cases.

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The IMO urges member states to recommend passenger ship owners to:
Ensure that their current safety procedures and best management practices
are fully and effectively implemented
Conduct a review of their existing operational safety procedures (SMS) and if
necessary adapt them taking into account the above recommended interim
measures.

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5/ COSTA CONCORDIA
http://www.kizoa.com/slideshow-maker/d2197002k3297031o1/costa-concordia

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6/ Passenger ships: Aspects to consider:

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Structural integrity
Management
Crew
Accommodation
Fire
Life Saving Appliances
Navigation
Machinery
Cargo = Passengers (safety & wellbeing)
Security

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Structural integrity
Stability
Passenger cruise ships:
Passenger cabins from inside to outside (higher price)
Increase in overall height top heavy - stability?
CoG rather low (large open spaces light weight material & heavy
components (M/E, fuel, propellers in lower parts)
Wide ships > initial stability > metacentric height
Stabilizers = comfort, no added benefit from stability point of view

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Management
Crewing (1500-2000 crew, nationalities)
Training
Remote ports (supplies, assistance)
Insurance

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Crew
Under-industrialized countries
Ship crew entertainment crew (performers) & hospitality
Different nationalities
MLC
Living conditions(shared cabins)
3 11 month contracts
77 hour workweeks 10 months/2 months holidays
Facilities for crew separate from passengers

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Accommodation
Passenger accommodation & amenities
Crew accommodation & facilities
Safety (signage,..)

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Safety:
2005 2012: 100,000,000 passengers

16 fatalities

Fire safety & LSA

Various systems
Maintenance & inspection
Testing
Number & types of LSA
Drills & training
Inspections (remote ports, replacement equipment,...)

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Pollution:
Huge waste streams:

Sewage
Grey water
Hazardous waste
Oily bilge water
Ballast water
Solid waste
Air polluants (A/C)

Garbage management
IAPP/SEEMP

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Navigation
Remote ports (drafts,...)
Passage planning
Passengers on bridge

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Machinery:
Noise/vibration
Maintenance
Electricity
Passenger related machinery & equipment

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Cargo = Passengers (safety & wellbeing)
Old people disabled people sight disabled people
Communication/Language
SAR initiatives
Excursion/tender safety
Personal preferences of passengers
Passenger health & hygiene:
Huge number of people
Rapid spreading of diseases
Close monitoring of hygiene & health to prevent diseases
Exposure to claims/compiling evidence

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Security:
Cabin security
Boarding security
Registration/signing on

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Q&A