Spanning Tree

Spanning Tree
Protocol
Spanning Tree
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda
Spanning Tree Basics
Spanning Tree Concepts

Spanning Tree on Catalyst Switches
Spanning Tree Enhancements
Spanning Tree Troubleshooting
Spanning Tree.
Spanning-Tree Basics
Spanning Tree.
Spanning Tree Protocol
STP is a link management protocol

that provides path redundancy
while preventing undesirable loops
in the network
Spanning Tree.
Spanning Tree Protocol Basics
1. Without the spanning-tree protocol in a redundant topology, a frame

sourced from A would loop endlessly in the network.
Spanning Tree.
X
Blocked port

2. The spanning-tree protocol blocks redundant links to prevent frames
from looping.
Spanning Tree.

Bridge fails!
X
Blocked
port
Remove
blocked port

2. The spanning-tree protocol blocks redundant links to prevent frames
from looping.
3. The spanning-tree protocol can adjust to changes in the topology by
adjusting which ports are blocking and which are forwarding.
Spanning Tree.
Spanning-Tree Concepts
Spanning Tree.
Four-Step Decision-Making
Sequence
When creating a loop-free logical
topology, Spanning Tree always uses
the same four-step decision sequence:
1. Lowest Root BID
2. Lowest Path Cost to Root Bridge
3. Lowest Sender BID

4. Lowest Port ID
Spanning Tree.
Spanning Tree Terminology
Bridge Types
Network parameters
Root Bridge
Hello interval
Designated Bridge
Forward delay
Max age
Port Types
Root Port
Bridge priority (per bridge)
Port-specific parameters
Designated Ports
Port cost
Non-Designated Ports
Port priority
Port States
BPDUs
Blocking
Configuration
Listening
Topology Change Notification
Learning
Forwarding
(Disabled)
Spanning Tree.
10
Spanning Tree Terminology

Direction of Config BPDU flow
Root Port - Port with least

cost path to the root bridge
1
Designated Port
Root Port
F
Root bridge
Designated Port
Non-Designated Port
Designated bridge
for segment 3
Root Port
Root Port
Designated Port
Non-Designated Port
3
Designated Port Port selected
for forwarding
Spanning Tree.
Non-Designated Port Port in blocking mode
11
Initial STP Convergence

Switches go through three steps for their
initial convergence:
1. Elect one Root Bridge
2. Elect one Root Port per non-Root
Bridge
3. Elect one Designated Port per segment
Spanning Tree.
12
Spanning Tree Root Bridge

One root per bridged network
Election process to determine root

Dictates timer values for all bridges in
configuration BPDUs
All other bridges determine shortest
path to the root bridge
Spanning Tree.
13
Spanning Tree Root Bridge

Election
All bridges first assume they are root
(BPDU with RootID = BID; Path Cost = 0)
All bridges have an 8 byte bridge ID2 bytes

bridge priority, 6 bytes MAC address
For example, here 32768 is the Bridge priority and 0080.acff.0003 is the MAC address of
the bridge
32768:0080.acff.0003
Lowest bridge ID (BID) becomes root

Lower bridge priority has a greater chance of
becoming root
Spanning Tree.
14
Spanning Tree Root Port

Root port determined using lowest
cost to root bridge
BPDU received on a port
determines the values for
transmitted BPDUs
Port cost of transmitted BPDUs =
(path cost in received BPDU) + (port
cost of port that receives BPDU)
Port state on a root port is never

blocking
Spanning Tree.
15
Spanning Tree Designated Bridge

At most one designated bridge per
Ethernet segment
Always the bridge with the shortest
path to the root bridge
Election process to determine the
designated bridge
Responsible for advertising BPDUs to
other bridges out designated ports
Spanning Tree.
16
Spanning Tree Designated Bridge

Election
Designated bridge is chosen for each
segment
Root is designated bridge for all
connected segments
Bridge on a segment with shortest path
cost to root bridge becomes designated
Bridges with equal cost paths to the
root use lower BID as tie-breaker
Spanning Tree.
17
Spanning Tree Designated Port

The port through which all traffic
toward the root flows off of a
segment
Responsible for transmitting
BPDUs to downstream bridges
Port state on a designated port is
never blocking
Spanning Tree.
18
Spanning Tree Non-Designated Port

All ports on a segment other than the
designated port or root ports are nondesignated ports
Non-designated ports receive BPDUs
transmitted from the root or designated
bridge
Port state on a non-designated port is
blocking
Spanning Tree.
19
Spanning Tree Port States

Blocking
No user traffic through port, receiving to BPDUs
Listening
No user traffic through port, and listening to BPDUs
Learning
No user traffic through port, and building bridge tables
Forwarding
User traffic across port, and transmitting or receiving BPDUs
Disabled
Administratively down, does not participate in frame
forwarding or STP
Spanning Tree.
20
STP State Machine

Disabled
Listening
Blocking
Learning
TCN
TCN
Forwarding
Spanning Tree.
21
Spanning Tree Configuration

Parameters
Network parameters
Hello interval
Forward delay
Max age
Bridge priority (per bridge)
Port-specific parameters
Port cost
Port priority
Spanning Tree.
22
Spanning Tree Hello Interval
The frequency with which a

designated port will send BPDUs
One to two second range
Two seconds by default
Spanning Tree.
23
Spanning Tree Forward Delay

Used to determine how long to stay in
listening and learning state
Fifteen seconds by default
Lower times will lower convergence,
but might increase the chances of
having loops
Also used as the CAM aging time
during topology change
Spanning Tree.
24
Spanning Tree Max Age
The amount of time a bridge stores a

BPDU on a port before discarding it
In other words, the time within which a bridge
expects to receive a valid BPDU from the root
Most important to blocked port state

Twenty seconds by default
Spanning Tree.
25
Spanning Tree Bridge Priority

Used first to determine root bridge
Used to help determine designated bridge after
root path cost
Can range from 165536 (32768 is default)
High order 2 bytes of 8 byte BID
Lowering priority makes BID numerically lower,
and increases the chances of bridge becoming
root
Spanning Tree.
26
Spanning Tree Port Cost

Represents the cost of transmitting a frame onto a
bridged segment through that output port
The root path cost is the total cost to the root
bridge, i.e., the path cost received on the root port
+ the port cost of the root port
When sending out new BDPUs, port cost of port
that received the BPDU is added to the path cost in
the transmitted BPDU
Spanning Tree.
27
Spanning Tree Port Priority

When two BPDUs are received with the same
BID and same path cost, the port priority field
in BPDU is used
Port which receives BPDU with lowest port
priority becomes root port
Port priority = static value + port ID
Useful for load-balancing using multiple
spanning trees when there are two links
between the same two bridges
Spanning Tree.
28
Configuration BPDU
Orginated by root switch and sent on all the designated
ports (all ports on the root switch are designated ports)
On all other switches in the network (in a steady state),

configuration BPDUs are received on root ports & blocked
ports only (never sent)
Forwarded on designated ports by changing the BID &
adding the port cost of the received port to the root path
cost in the transmitted BPDU
When a designated port hears an inferior BPDU, it sends a
configuration BPDU with its stored BPDU information
Spanning Tree.
29
Configuration BPDU Parameters
Spanning Tree.
Root Identifier
Max Age
Root Path Cost
Hello Time
Bridge Identifier
Forward Delay
Port Identifier
Topology Change Ack.
Message Age
Topology Change
30
IEEE 802.1d Config BPDU

Frame Format
Protocol
Identifier
Ver
Msg
Type
Flags
Root ID
Root
Path
Cost
Bridge ID
Port ID
0x00 =
Config
BPDU
Spanning Tree.
2 byte priority
6 byte ID (MAC
address)
Msg
Age
Max
Age
Hello
Time
Forward
Delay
2 byte priority
6 byte ID (MAC
address)
31
Configuration BPDU Layout (1)

DLC: ----- DLC Header ----DLC:
DLC: Frame 15 arrived at 11:02:20.8523; frame size is 60 (003C hex) bytes.
DLC: Destination = Multicast 0180C2000000, Bridge_Group_Addr
DLC: Source
= Station Cisco7A009A6
DLC: 802.3 length = 39

DLC:
LLC: ----- LLC Header ----LLC:
Source MAC
address of
sending port
IEEE 802.1d
Reserved
Destination MAC
address
LLC: DSAP Address = 42, DSAP IG Bit = 00 (Individual Address)

LLC: SSAP Address = 42, SSAP CR Bit = 00 (Command)
LLC: Unnumbered frame: UI
LLC:
Spanning Tree.
DSAP/SSAP of 0x42
is BPDU
32

BPDU: ----- Bridge Protocol Data Unit Header ----BPDU: Protocol Identifier = 0000
BPDU: Protocol Version
Always 0
= 00
00 Configuration BPDU
80 TCN BPDU
BPDU:
BPDU: BPDU Type = 00 (Configuration)
BPDU:
LSB = TC flag; MSB = TCA flag
BPDU: BPDU Flags = 00
BPDU: 0... .... = Not Topology Change Acknowledgment

BPDU: .... ...0 = Not Topology Change
BPDU: .000 000. = Unused

BPDU:
BPDU: Root Identifier = 8000.00400BA009A2
BPDU: Priority
= 8000
BPDU: MAC Address
= 00400BA009A2
BPDU:
BPDU: Root Path Cost
Spanning Tree.
Root Bridge ID
=0
Since this BPDU is sent by the root, the

path cost is 0
33

BPDU: Sending Bridge Id = 8000.00400BA009A2.8005
BPDU: Priority
= 8000
BPDU: MAC Address

BPDU: Port
= 00400BA009A2
Port ID
= 8005
BPDU: Message Age
= 0.000 seconds
BPDU: Information Lifetime = 20.000 seconds

BPDU: Root Hello Time
= 2.000 seconds
BPDU: Forward Delay
= 15.000 seconds
BPDU:
DLC: Frame padding= 7 bytes
Spanning Tree.
BID of
sending
bridge
Seconds since
root originated the
BPDU
Timers:
MaxAge
HelloTime
FwdDelay
34

Used to notify other switches of a change in the
spanning tree topology
TCN BPDUs are sent:
Any time a port transitions to the forwarding state and the
bridge has at least one designated port
Any time a port transitions from the forwarding or learning
state to the blocking state
Sent from the bridge with the topology change towards

the root bridge
A TCN received on a designated port of a non-root
switch is forwarded towards the root
Spanning Tree.
35
IEEE 802.1d TCN BPDU

Frame Format
Protocol
Identifier
Ver
Msg
Type
0x80 =
TCN
BPDU
Spanning Tree.
36

TCN is sent every two seconds, until the upstream bridge
acknowledges receipt with a TCN ACK flag set in the
configuration BPDU
When the root bridge receives the TCN BPDU, it sets the TC
flag in the next configuration BPDU (it also sets the TCN
ACK flag on the port the TCN was received)
When bridges receive a BPDU with the TC flag set, they
reduce their CAM aging time to FwdDelay (15 seconds)
The root switch continues to send Configuration BPDUs with
TC flag set for a total of FwdDelay+Max Age seconds
(default=35)
Spanning Tree.
37
Topology Change Process

1. Bridge A fails.
Root
2. Bridge Bs port moves out of

forwarding mode.
TCN toward root

TCN ACK
3. Bridge B generates a TCN BPDU

and sends it on the root port.
C
TCN toward root
4. Bridge C ACKs the TCN in the

next BPDU it sends to Bridge B.
5. Bridge C generates a TCN BPDU

and sends it on the root port.
TCN ACK
Port moves out of

forwarding mode
X
A
Spanning Tree.
Bridge fails
6. Root ACKs the TCN in the next

BPDU it sends to Bridge C.
38
Topology Change Process

TC flag set=35s
7. Root also sets the topology

change (TC) flag in all Config
BPDUs
Root
TC Flag
CAM Aging=15s
TC Flag
TC Flag
CAM Aging=15s
TC Flag
8. Downstream bridges reduce

CAM aging time to FwdDelay
seconds for duration of the
topology change.
TC Flag
CAM Aging=15s
CAM Aging=15s
Spanning Tree.
CAM Aging=15s
9. Root sets TC flag in all BPDUs

for MaxAge + FwdDelay seconds,
then clears the TC flag.
39
Spanning Tree on Catalyst

Switches
Spanning Tree.
40
Spanning Tree in Catalyst

Switches
Catalyst switches implement a Spanning
Tree per VLAN
Permits creation of different forwarding
paths for each VLAN (but be aware that this
is taking up resources)
Spanning Tree.
41
Tuneable Spantree Parameters

Max Age (per VLAN)
Forward Delay (per VLAN)
Hello Time (per VLAN)
Bridge Priority (per VLAN)
Port Cost (per port or per port/VLAN)
Port Priority (per port or per port/VLAN)
Enable/disable spantree (per VLAN)
Enhancements (PortFast, UplinkFast, etc)
Spanning Tree.
42
Spanning Tree set Commands
set spantree <enable|disable> set spantree portvlanpri

set spantree priority
set spantree root [secondary]
set spantree hello
set spantree portfast
set spantree maxage
set spantree portfast bpdu-guard
set spantree fwddelay
set spantree uplinkfast
set spantree portcost
set spantree backbonefast
set spantree portpri
set spantree guard root
set spantree portvlancost
Spanning Tree.
43

Caveats
The portvlanpri can only have two values,
where one of the values is the portpriority per
trunk
The same applies for portvlancost when
cost is omitted the cost will be portcost - 1
The use of this command is not encouraged,
since the effect is additive
The rate in the set spantree uplinkfast
command is the rate at which the switch in
question will send multicast packets with SA=
MAC-addresses downstream (MACs in CAM)
Spanning Tree.
44

Caveats
The set spantree root macro lowers
the bridge priority to 8192 or one lower
than the current root (secondary will
have priority 16384)
If diameter is specified, the appropriate

MaxAge and FwdDelay will be
calculated
Spanning Tree.
45
Spanning Tree clear Commands

clear spantree root
clear spantree statistics

clear spantree uplinkfast
clear spantree portvlancost

clear spantree portvlanpri
Spanning Tree.
46
Spanning Tree clear Commands

Caveats
clear spantree root restores the default
values for bridge priority, max age, fwd delay
and hello time
clear spantree uplinkfast restores the
default for bridge priority, portcost, and
portvlancost
clear spantree portvlancost (portvlanpri)
restores the default value (which is equal to
portcost/portpriority)
Spanning Tree.
47
Spanning Tree show

Commands
show spantree [vlan] [active]
show spantree <mod_num/port_num>
show spantree statistics

<port_num/port_num> <vlan>
show spantree blockedports [vlan]
show spantree summary
show spantree uplinkfast
show spantree backbonefast

Spanning Tree.
48
PVST
PVST Per-VLAN Spanning Tree
Developed around ISL

Maintains a spantree for each active
VLAN
All current Catalyst switches
support PVST
For details, see Cisco VLAN Architecture (ENG-6197)
Spanning Tree.
49
PVST+
PVST+ Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus
Developed to accommodate the IEEE 802.1Q
standard for VLAN trunking
PVST+ maintains a per-VLAN spantree for both
802.1Q and ISL
PVST+ can interoperate with MST domains (3rd party)
while maintaining a PVST for 802.1Q and/or ISL (no
config required)
For more info, see An Engineering Guide to IEEE 802.1Q and IEEE 802.1p
(ENG-18215)
Spanning Tree.
50
MST
MST Mono Spanning Tree
IEEE 802.1Q describes a Mono Spanning Tree

(MST) a single spantree dictates the
topology for all VLANs
Spanning Tree.
51
PVST/PVST+/MST Interoperation
To interoperate with 3rd party 802.1Q-capable devices, use the set
trunk mod/port nonegotiate dot1q command
All Cisco PVST+ connections to the MST region must be through
802.1q trunks
PVST and PVST+ regions can communicate over ISL trunk links
MST and PVST+ regions can connect over an 802.1q trunk
Spanning Tree.
52
PVST/PVST+/MST Interoperation
Two techniques to provide transparent STP

support across the different types of
regions:
Mapping Used between PVST and PVST+ regions; each
spantree in the PVST region maps to a spantree in PVST+
region on a one-to-one basis
Tunneling Used between MST and PVST+ regions;
implements a combination of mapping and tunneling
Spanning Tree.
53
Tunneling PVST+ Through MST

The single spantree used in the MST region maps
to a single spantree in the PVST+ region
This spanning tree is referred to as the Common
Spanning Tree (CST) and consists of a single
spantree combining the MST and the native VLAN
spantree of the PVST+ device (VLAN 1 by default)
Cisco switches send BPDUs on the CST to the
reserved IEEE 802.1D multicast MAC address
01-80-C2-00-00-00
Spanning Tree.
54
Tunneling PVST+ Through MST

The per-VLAN spantrees in the PVST+ region are
tunnelled through the MST region
Cisco switches send BPDUs on non-native VLANs
to the reserved Shared Spanning Tree (SSTP)
multicast MAC address 01-00-0C-CC-CC-CD
3rd party devices in the MST region do not
recognize this multicast address and flood the
BPDUs throughout the MST region (constrained by
VLAN), allowing them to reach other PVST+
devices connected to the MST region
Spanning Tree.
55
VLAN Load Balancing
Used to load share traffic across

redundant links which would otherwise
have been unused as the ports would
be blocked by spanning tree.
Technique is to associate different port
costs with different VLANs on a single
port.
Spanning Tree.
56
VLAN Load Balancing Operation

(10,10)
BID 16384.0000.0000.0002
BID 16384.0000.0000.0022 S2
Blocked Port
(Red, Blue)
L3
S1
L1
(10,10)
Root (Red, Blue)

BID 8192.0000.0000.0001
BID 8192.0000.0000.0011
L2
(10,10)
S3
BID 32768.0000.0000.0003
BID 32768.0000.0000.0033
Link L1, L2, and L3 are VLAN trunks

The port cost is 10 on all ports for all VLANs
S1 is the root switch for all VLANs
The L1 port on S3 is blocking for all VLANs & therefore
cannot carry data traffic
This is because S3s root path cost = 10 on L2 but 10+10=20 on L1+L3
Spanning Tree.
57
VLAN Load Balancing Operation

(10,10)
BID 16384.0000.0000.0002
BID 16384.0000.0000.0022 S2
Blocked Port
(Blue)
L3
S1
L1
(10,10)
L2
(
30,10)
Root (Red, Blue)

BID 8192.0000.0000.0001
BID 8192.0000.0000.0011
Blocked Port
(Red)
S3
BID 32768.0000.0000.0003
BID 32768.0000.0000.0033
If we change the port cost for the Red VLAN to 30 on S3s L2

port, then L2 becomes the blocking link for VLAN Red and L1
becomes the forwarding link for VLAN Red
This is because S3s root path cost = 30 on L2 but only 10+10=20 on L1+L3.
Spanning Tree.
58
PortVlanCost Implementation
Associating a different port cost for different
VLANs for all ports requires too much memory
Therefore, we associate all VLANs with one of two
possible portcosts (known as portvlancost)
Using just two portvlancosts per port and
associating all VLANs with one or the other of

these costs, we can load balance VLANs over two
paths
Spanning Tree.
59
VLAN Load Balancing

Configuration
To enable VLAN-based load balancing:
set spantree portvlancost <mod/port> [cost
<value>] [<preferred vlan list>]
Cost is between 1-65535

The cost value is one less than the current port
cost for that port by default
If supplied, the value must be lower than the
current port cost
Spanning Tree.
60
VLAN Load Balancing

Configuration
If the preferred VLAN list is not supplied, the
command applies to all VLANs, rendering the
command ineffective
Once supplied, new values of cost apply to all
previously supplied VLANs and also to newly
specified VLANs
The portvlancost must be less than the portcost
on a port
Spanning Tree.
61
VLAN Load Balancing Examples

Console> (enable) set spantree portvlancost 5/2
Port 5/2 VLANs 1-1005 have path cost 10. no change to default
Console> (enable) set spantree portvlancost 5/2 2
Port 5/2 VLANs 1,3-1005 have path cost 10.
Port 5/2 VLANs 2 have path cost 9.
Console> (enable) set spantree portvlancost 5/2 cost 8 3-6
Port 5/2 VLANs 1,7-1005 have path cost 10.
Port 5/2 VLANs 2-6 have path cost 8.
Console> (enable) clear spantree portvlancost 5/2 4
Port 5/2 VLANs 1,4,7-1005 have path cost 10.

Port 5/2 VLANs 2-3,5-6 have path cost 8.
Spanning Tree.
62
VLAN Load Balancing

A Better Method
(10,10)
L3
Root (Red)
S1
BID 8192.0000.0000.0002 S2
BID 16384.0000.0000.0022
Blocked Port
(Blue)
L1
(10,10)
L2
Root (Blue)
BID 16384.0000.0000.0001
BID 8192.0000.0000.0011
Blocked Port
(Red)
(10,10)
S3
BID 32768.0000.0000.0003
BID 32768.0000.0000.0033
Simpler configuration:
Move the root switch for the Red VLAN to S2
Spanning Tree.
63
Root Bridge Configuration

set spantree root vlans
set spantree root secondary vlans
Decreases bridge priority value for specified
VLANs to make the switch root for those VLANs
(remember, lower is better)
The bridge priority is set to 8192, or 1 less than the
current roots priority
The secondary keyword hard sets the bridge
priority to 16384
To return a VLAN to the default settings, use

clear spantree root <VLAN list>
Spanning Tree.
64

Special Cases
If the current roots bridge priority is
already 1, then the command will fail
After we become root, there is no guarantee
we will remain root
Someone could change the bridge

priority on another switch to make that
the root switch
Someone could change the bridge
priority on this switch to make it a nonroot switch
Spanning Tree.
65

Examples
Console> (enable) set spantree root 1
VLAN 1 bridge priority set to 8192.
VLAN 1 bridge max aging time set to 20.
VLAN 1 bridge hello time set to 2.
VLAN 1 bridge forward delay set to 15.
Switch is now the root switch for active VLAN 1.
Console> (enable) set spantree root secondary 1
Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
66

Advanced Configuration
set spantree root [secondary] vlans [dia
network_diameter] [hello hello_time]
Allows you to safely tune max age, forward delay and hello
time
By specifying the network diameter, the switch will

determine the most aggressive possible values of the STP
parameters to achieve the fastest convergence time
Network diameter is defined as the maximum number of

switches between any two attachments of end stations
The default STP timers assume a network diameter of 7 (the

maximum recommended by IEEE)
The switch uses the formula specified in the 802.1D spec to

calculate the new values of max age and forward delay
Spanning Tree.
67

Advanced Examples
Console> (enable) set spantree root 3 dia 5

Console> (enable) set spantree root 3 dia 3 hello 1
Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
68
Spanning Tree Enhancements
Spanning Tree.
69
Spanning-Tree PortFast
set spantree portfast <mod/port>
<enable|disable>
Causes a switch port to transition to the
forwarding state immediately, bypassing the
listening & learning states
Prevents connectivity issues related to
forwarding delay
Most common problems are seen with DHCP,
IPX GNS, and AppleTalk
Spanning Tree.
70
Use only on host ports (otherwise, you might
open temporary spantree loops)
Failsafe if a BPDU is received on the port,
transition to listening mode
No TCN is generated for state changes on
portfast ports
Use in combination with set trunk off and

set port channel off (or just use set port
host)
Spanning Tree.
71
STP State Machine with PortFast

Disabled
Listening
Blocking
Learning
TCN
PortFast
(No TCN!)
Spanning Tree.
TCN
Forwarding
72
Example
Console> (enable) set spantree portfast 8/10 enable
Warning: Spantree port fast start should only be enabled on ports connected
to a single host.
Connecting hubs, concentrators, switches, bridges, etc. to
a fast start port can cause temporary spanning tree loops.

Spantree port
Use with caution.
8/10 fast start enabled.
Console> (enable) show spantree 8/10

Port
Vlan Port-State
Cost
Prio Portfast Channel_id
------------------------ ---- ------------- --------- ---- -------- ---------8/10
connected
3100
32 enabled
Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
73
PortFast BPDU Guard

set spantree portfast bpdu-guard <enable|disable>
Safeguard to make sure rogue bridges are not

allowed to connect to the network through host
ports
If a BPDU is received on a portfast-enabled port,
that port is placed in the errdisable state
Works only on portfast-enabled ports

Disabled by default
If BPDUs stop arriving on the port, the port is
reenabled automatically
Also works with errdisable-timeout feature
Spanning Tree.
74
PortFast BPDU Guard Example

Console> (enable) set spantree portfast 5/1 enable
Warning: Spantree port fast start should only be enabled on ports connected
to a single host.
Connecting hubs, concentrators, switches, bridges, etc. to
a fast start port can cause temporary spanning tree loops.

Spantree port
Use with caution.
5/1 fast start enabled.
Console> (enable) set spantree portfast bpdu-guard enable
Spantree portfast bpdu-guard enabled on this switch.

Console> (enable) 2001 Jul 12 21:23:10 %SPANTREE-2-RX_PORTFAST:Received BPDU on
PortFast enable port. Disabling 5/1
2001 Jul 12 21:23:10 %PAGP-5-PORTFROMSTP:Port 5/1 left bridge port 5/1
Console> (enable) show port status 5/1
Port
Name
Status
Vlan
Duplex Speed Type
----- ------------------ ---------- ---------- ------ ----- -----------5/1
errdisable 1
auto
auto 10/100BaseTX
Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
75
PortFast BPDU Guard Verifying
Console> (enable) show spantree summary

Root switch for vlans: 1-3,5,10,20.
Portfast bpdu-guard enabled for bridge.
Uplinkfast disabled for bridge.
Backbonefast disabled for bridge.
< . . . >
Spanning Tree.
76
Spanning-Tree UplinkFast
Spanning Tree has relatively slow
convergence in recovering from faults
At default values, convergence time varies
between 30-50 seconds
In the wiring closet, the typical design has a
redundant link into the distribution/core that
is in spantree blocking mode
Spanning Tree.
77
Spanning Tree UplinkFast

Operation
When the forwarding port
fails, the blocking port
directly transitions to
forwarding without going
through listening &
learning states
Should be used ONLY in
wiring closet/access layer
switches
Need to have at least one
port in forwarding and one
port in blocking
Used in conjunction with

deterministic setting of root
switch
Spanning Tree.
78

Operation
Switch transmits dummy multicast packets for each downstream

MAC address to upstream switches for MaxAge seconds so that
other switches update their CAM tables
Dummy multicasts have DA of 01000CCDCDCD and SA of MAC

addresses in local CAM table
Multicasts sent at the rate of 15 packets per 100 msec, 1% of the

load of a 10Mbps Ethernet (a conservative value)
The rate limit prevents excessive flooding when many access

switches change root port
The value of rate is also limited by the power of the CPU on the
switch. A Cat 5000 Supervisor 1 does not have enough power to
go well above the default rate
It is better to be conservative in choosing this value and

preventing excessive flooding when a distribution switch dies
which will affect many wiring closet switches
Spanning Tree.
79

Operation
When the failed link is restored, the port on the
uplinkfast switch goes directly to forwarding state
However, the upstream switch still transitions
through listening & learning states
Therefore, we delay the selection of a recovered
port as the root port until 2*forward_delay + 5
seconds has elapsed, allowing the connected
switch to transition the port to the forwarding
state
Spanning Tree.
80

Configuration
set spantree uplinkfast <enable> [rate
<station_update_rate>] [all-protocols <off|on>]
Increases the bridge priority value on all VLANs to

49152 (so the switch is unlikely to become root)
Increases the portcost of all ports by 3000 (so the

switch is unlikely to be the designated bridge on
any segment)
The rate sets the rate of transmission of dummy
multicast packets (packets/100 ms)
If protocol filtering is enabled upstream, use allprotocols option
Spanning Tree.
81

Configuration
Bridge priority set very high
to reduce chance of being
the root
6509> (enable) set spantree uplinkfast enable
VLANs 1-1005 bridge priority set to 49152.
3000 is added to all port
The port cost and portvlancost of all ports set to above 3000.
costs to prevent ports from
Station update rate set to 15 packets/100ms.
becoming designated ports
uplinkfast all-protocols field set to off.
uplinkfast enabled for bridge.
6509> (enable)
Station update rate set to 15
packets/100ms. Can be adjusted
upto 32000 pkts/100ms! Be careful!
All-protocols field set to off. Turn on

if protocol filtering is enabled on
uplink switch but not on this switch
Spanning Tree.
82

Verifying
MAC address reduction: disabled
Root switch for vlans: 1.
Portfast bpdu-guard disabled for bridge.
Uplinkfast enabled for bridge.

Backbonefast disabled for bridge.
< . . . >
UplinkFast statistics
-------------------Number of transitions via uplinkFast (all VLANs)
: 10
Number of proxy multicast addresses transmitted (all VLANs) : 4234

Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
83

Verifying
Console> (enable) show spantree uplinkfast
Station update rate set to 15 packets/100ms.

VLAN
port list
-----------------------------------------------------1
4/1(fwd),4/2,5/3
4/1(fwd), 5/4
5/1(fwd)
Example above indicates that :
Vlan 1 has 4/1 as root port, 4/2 and 5/3 as redundant root ports
Vlan 2 has 4/1 as root port, but only one redundant port, 5/4
Vlan 7 has 5/1 as the root port and no redundant ports
Spanning Tree.
84

Verifying
If you want to disable uplinkfast, use the set spantree uplinkfast
disable command. Use the clear spantree uplinkfast command to
return to defaults:
At this point, bridge priority and
6509> (enable) set spantree uplinkfast disable
port
uplinkfast disabled for bridge.
costs are still artificially high; we
Use clear spantree uplinkfast to return stp parameters to default.
just wont switchover to blocked
6509> (enable) clear spantree uplinkfast
uplink and send dummy
This command will cause all portcosts, portvlancosts, and the
multicasts if there is a failure
bridge priority on all vlans to be set to default.
Do you want to continue VLANs 1-1005 bridge priority set to 32768.
(y/n) [n]? y
The port cost of all bridge ports set to default value.
The portvlancost of all bridge ports set to default value.
uplinkfast disabled for bridge.
Bridge priority and port costs
6509> (enable)
are returned to default (will
overwrite any manual tuning
performed after set spantree
uplinkfast enable)
Spanning Tree.
85
Spanning Tree BackboneFast

At default values, convergence time on
an indirect link failure takes 50
seconds
BackboneFast detects indirect link
failures and recovers in ~30 seconds
Spanning Tree.
86
Direct vs. Indirect Link Failure
These switches
see link down
X
These switches
do not see a link
down
Spanning Tree.
87
Indirect Link Failure Without

BackboneFast
Root
X
B
C
Blocking
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Link between A & B fails

B detects link failure and send out BPDU claiming to be root
C ignores B and MaxAges BPDU on blocked port toward B
(20 seconds)
MaxAge expires and C transmits a BPDU toward B
B receives superior BPDU from C and establishes root port
C transitions the port toward B through listening (15 seconds) and
learning (15 seconds)
C transitions the port toward B into forwarding and begins sending
traffic
Convergence time = MaxAge + (2 * FwdDelay) = 50 sec
Spanning Tree.
88
Inferior BPDUs
If the switch receives an inferior BPDU from the
designated bridge, we know that the designated
bridge has either:
1. Lost the root
Root
2. Or, its root path cost has increased above ours
Root
Spanning Tree.
89

Operation
In IEEE 802.1D, an inferior BPDU is discarded
With BackboneFast, the switch tracks inferior
BPDUs
We compare inferior BPDUs to the stored BPDU to determine
if there has been an indirect link failure
Only inferior BPDUs sent by the designated

bridge are tracked (i.e., inferior BPDUs sent
with the same BID as the stored BPDU)
If a newly inserted bridge starts sending inferior BPDUs, it will
not trigger the BackboneFast feature
Spanning Tree.
90
BackboneFast Root Link Query

BackboneFast implements a new PDU, the
Root Link Query (RLQ)
When a BackboneFast switch receives an inferior BPDU from
the designated bridge on a blocked port, an RLQ is sent toward
the root
If the root is still active, it responds to the RLQ confirming it is
active
The originating switchs BID is included in the RLQ PDUs so
when the switch receives a reply to its own query, it doesnt
flood the response on its designated ports
The RLQ PDU has the same packet structure as a normal
spanning-tree BPDU, but we use two different Cisco-specific
SNAP addresses, one for the request and one for the reply
Spanning Tree.
91
Indirect Link Failure With

BackboneFast
Root
X
B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
Blocking
Link between A & B fails

B detects link failure and send out BPDU claiming to be root
C detects possible indirect failure, sends RLQ toward root
D forwards RLQ on the root port
A receives the RLQ & sends a response
D floods the response on all designated ports
C receives the response and expires the BPDU on the port toward B (skips
MaxAge)
B receives superior BPDU from C and establishes root port
C transitions the port toward B through listening (15 seconds) and learning
(15 seconds)
C transitions the port toward B into forwarding and begins sending traffic
Convergence time = (2 * FwdDelay) = 30 sec
Spanning Tree.
92

Configuration
set spantree backbonefast <enable|disable>
Enable BackboneFast on all switches in the

network (access, distribution, core)
Console> (enable) set spantree backbonefast enable
Backbonefast enabled for all VLANs.
Console> (enable)
Verify the configuration:

Console> (enable) show spantree backbonefast
Backbonefast is enabled.
Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
93

Verifying
MAC address reduction: disabled
Root switch for vlans: 1.
Portfast bpdu-guard disabled for bridge.
Uplinkfast enabled for bridge.
Backbonefast enabled for bridge.
< . . . >
BackboneFast statistics
----------------------Number of transitions via backboneFast (all VLANS) : 0
Number of inferior BPDUs received (all VLANs)
: 0
Number of RLQ req PDUs received (all VLANs)
: 0
Number of RLQ res PDUs received (all VLANs)
: 0
Number of RLQ req PDUs transmitted (all VLANs)
: 0
Number of RLQ res PDUs transmitted (all VLANs)
: 0
Console> (enable)
Spanning Tree.
94
Spanning Tree Root Guard

The problem: Customers switch becomes root
for the ISPs switched network
Root
Spanning Tree.
95

The solution: ISP uses spanning tree Root Guard
Root
Spanning Tree.
96

Configuration
set spantree guard root <mod/port>
Define a perimeter within which you want the root to
remain by enabling rootguard on each perimeter port
Root guard can be enabled per port, not per port per
VLAN
Verifies that the port is the designated port for the
segment
If a superior BPDU is received:
The port moves to the root-inconsistent state
The BPDU is dropped
Spanning Tree.
97

Operation
Disconnects switches claiming to be root
Prevents superior BPDUs from passing
through the defined perimeter
The ISP spanning-tree topology is not
affected
If the port stops receiving superior BPDUs, it
leaves the root-inconsistent state after a max
age
Spanning Tree.
98

Example
Console> (enable) set spantree guard root 1/1

Rootguard on port 1/1 is enabled.
Console> (enable)
2001 Jun 15 07:04:15 %SPANTREE-2ROOTGUARDBLOCK:Port 1/1 tried to become nondesignated in VLAN 1. Moved to root-inconsistent
state
Spanning Tree.
99

Verification
Console> (enable) show spantree guard

Port
VLAN Port-State
Guard Type
------------------------ ---- ------------- ---------1/1
root-inconsis
root
1/2
forwarding
root
8/1
not-connected
none
Spanning Tree.
100
Spanning Tree Troubleshooting
Spanning Tree.
101
What Causes Loops?

1) Configuration problems
Spantree disabled
Spantree enabled on some switches but not on others
Bridging VLANs together
Speed/duplex mismatches
Portfast enabled on ports connected to hubs or switches
Router, multiport NIC, configured for bridging
Using different spantree protocols within the same VLAN

Misconfigured or buggy trunk- or channel-capable NIC
Loops with hubs or switches
Port channeling misconfiguration
Spanning Tree.
102
What Causes Loops?
2) Design issues
Too large of a switched network

Bridging over the WAN (delay problems)
Spanning Tree.
103
What Causes Loops?
3) Software issues
Software bugs
Forwarding traffic across blocked ports
UplinkFast/BackboneFast
Etc.
Loss of management communication to line cards
Spanning Tree.
104
What Causes Loops?

4) Hardware Issues
Layer one links that are bad (i.e. CRCs, other
input errors)
Unidirectional links
Data corruption (BPDUs dropped)
Port Stuck (BPDUs dropped)
NMP stops listening to spanning-tree (stuck
inband)
Loss of management communication to line cards
Spanning Tree.
105
Detecting Spanning Tree Loops

1) Network is EXTREMELY slow for all nodes
2) Network outage
3) High system utilization on switch
System Utilization in show system above 20% usually indicates a loop
Above 7% indicates possible transitory loop
Depends on network traffic and hardware (Cat5000 Sup1 vs. Cat6000 Sup2, etc.)
4) System LED indicators on Switch Utilization Bar

5) High Amount of In-lost and Out-lost on show mac
6) MLS: TOO MANY MOVES appearing on console and log
(Cat5000 only)
7) HSRP, OSPF, etc report duplicate IP address
8) Unicast flooding
Spanning Tree.
106
Detecting Spanning Tree Loops

Check spantree blocked and root ports for errors
using show port, show mac & show counters
Set up a syslog server and turn on logging for the
spantree facility to 6, which will show port
transitions through the spantree states (listening,
learning, etc.)
Use show inband to check for RsrcErrors
(BPDU could be dropped if supervisor is unable to
process the BPDU)
Check to see if you are exceeding spanning tree
instances show spantree summary
Spanning Tree.
107
During an Event
Remove redundant Ethernet segments from the
network
Start with connections between core switches
Begin with EtherChannels, if used
Wait for 30-60 seconds for the network to recover before
removing another link
If the network does not recover, continue methodically
removing redundancy until the network stabilizes
Avoid rebooting or powering off switches

If you do this youll lose the logging buffer & spantree stats
on the switch
Syslog to a server cannot necessarily be trusted during a

network failure
Spanning Tree.
108
Finding the Smoking Gun

Use show system to find switches with high backplane utilization
Use show mac and look for large amounts of broadcast/multicast
received & transmitted
Use show spantree statistics to follow the problem through the
network
On the root, check the topology change initiator to see which
bridge last generated a TCN
Look for msg age expiry count on blocked ports to see whether
we expired a BPDU on the port (MaxAge was reached)
Look for tcn bpdu's xmitted to see whether a bridge sent many
TCNs
Look for forward trans count to see how many times the port
transitioned into the forwarding state
Spanning Tree.
109
Preparing for the Next Time
Take proactive measures (perform these

tasks prior to having another event)
Turn spantree logging level on the switches to 6 (set
logging level spantree 6 default) to see state
transitions & TCNs (also, log to a server)
On switches running IOS, use debug spanning
events
Enter clear counters on all switches
Spanning Tree.
110
Finding the Root

Verify the location of the root
The customer might have failed to deterministically set the root
The root might have moved due to a new bridge in the network, or a bridge
priority change
esc-cat6500-a> (enable) show spantree 5

VLAN 5
Spanning tree enabled
Spanning tree type
ieee
Designated Root
00-d0-06-26-f4-04
Designated Root Priority
8192
Designated Root Cost
3
Designated Root Port
2/1-2 (agPort 13/33)
Root Max Age
20 sec
Hello Time 2 sec
Forward Delay
Bridge ID MAC ADDR
00-d0-bb-01-30-04
Bridge ID Priority
32768
Bridge Max Age 20 sec
Hello Time 2 sec
Forward Delay
Port
Vlan Port-State
Cost Priority
------------------------ ---- ------------- ----- -------2/1-2
5
forwarding
3
32
15/1
5
forwarding
4
32
Spanning Tree.
The bridge ID
of the root
bridge
Root port
(port to get to
root bridge)
15 sec
15 sec
Portfast
---------disabled
enabled
Channel_id
---------801
0
111
Finding the Root

esc-6500-b> (enable) show spantree 5
VLAN 5
Spanning tree type
ieee
Designated Root
00-d0-06-26-f4-04
8192
0
1/0
Root Max Age
20 sec
Hello Time 2 sec
Forward Delay
Bridge ID MAC ADDR
00-d0-06-26-f4-04
Bridge ID Priority
8192
Hello Time 2 sec
Forward Delay
Port
Vlan Port-State
Cost Priority
------------------------ ---- ------------- ----- -------4/1-2
5
forwarding
3
32
esc-6500-b> (enable) show spantree summary

Root switch for vlans: 4-10.
Spanning Tree.
Designated root
cost on the root
is always 0
15 sec
RootID and BID

will match on the
root bridge
15 sec
Portfast
Channel_id
---------- ---------disabled
865
In 5.4 and later, use show

spantree summary to see for
which VLANs the switch is root
112
Finding Active and Blocked Ports

esc-6500-b> (enable) show spantree summary
< . . . >
Summary of connected spanning tree ports by vlan
Vlan Blocking Listening Learning Forwarding STP Active
----- -------- --------- -------- ---------- ---------1
2
0
0
4
6
4
0
0
0
2
2
5
0
0
0
6
6
6
0
0
0
4
4
7
0
0
0
4
4
8
0
0
0
4
4
9
0
0
0
4
4
10
0
0
0
4
4
Blocking Listening Learning Forwarding STP Active
----- -------- --------- -------- ---------- ---------Total
2
0
0
32
34
< . . . >
Total blocking ports

on the switch
Spanning Tree.
Total ports in the spanning

tree (do not exceed limits
specified for your
supervisor engine in the
Release Notes
113
Viewing Blocked Ports
esc-6500-b> (enable) show spantree blocked

T = trunk
g = group
Ports
Vlans
Ports 8/23 and 8/24 are
-------------blocking for VLAN 1
8/23 (T)
1
8/24 (T)
1
Number of blocked ports (segments) in the system : 2
Spanning Tree.
114
Monitoring Blocked & Root Ports

Blocked & root ports should receive BPDUs every 2 seconds
Monitor blocked and root ports to see if they are receiving config BPDUs every 2 seconds
Check for errors on blocked or root ports, which might cause a blocked port to transition out
of blocking mode, or a root bridge change
esc-6500-b> (enable) show spantree stat 8/23 1
Port 8/23 VLAN 1
SpanningTree enabled for vlanNo = 1
BPDU-related parameters
port spanning tree
enabled
state
blocking
port_id
0x836c
port number
0x36c
path cost
12
message age (port/VLAN)
3(20)
designated_root
00-30-94-93-e5-80
designated_cost
19
designated_bridge
00-50-53-59-a0-00
designated_port
0x8001
top_change_ack
FALSE
config_pending
FALSE
port_inconsistency
none
PORT based information & statistics
config bpdu's xmitted (port/VLAN)
36(698871)
config bpdu's received (port/VLAN)
215843(608891)
tcn bpdu's xmitted (port/VLAN)
0(7)
Spanning Tree.
Ports 8/23 is blocking

for VLAN 1
Make sure the config bpdus

received counter is
incrementing on the port
approximately every 2 seconds
115
Monitoring Blocked & Root Ports

If BPDUs are not being received every 2 seconds (or at
all) on the port, check for errors using:
show port counters Check for Layer 1 errors (Align, FCS,
etc.)
show mac Make sure the Rcv-Multicast counter is
incrementing; make sure the In-Discard counter is not
incrementing
show counters Check for any errors on the receive side

show inband Look for RsrcErrors
show cam system Make sure 01-80-c2-00-00-00 (IEEE
802.1d BPDU MAC) is listed as a system entry for the VLAN
Spanning Tree.
116
Monitoring Spanning Tree

Console> (enable) show spantree 3/47
Port
Vlan Port-State
Cost Priority Portfast
Channel_id
------------------------ ---- ------------- ----- -------- ---------- ---------3/47
1
blocking
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
2
blocking
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
3
blocking
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
4
forwarding
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
5
forwarding
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
6
forwarding
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
10
forwarding
3019
32 disabled
0
3/47
11
forwarding
3019
32 disabled
0
Console> (enable) show spantree 3 active
VLAN 3
Spanning tree type
ieee
Designated Root
00-50-80-39-ee-42
32768
3019
3/48
Root Max Age
20 sec
Hello Time 2 sec
Forward Delay 15 sec
Spanning Tree.
Bridge ID MAC ADDR

Bridge ID Priority
00-d0-00-3f-a0-02
49152
Hello Time 2 sec
Forward Delay 15 sec
Port
-----------------------3/47
3/48
4/1-4
Vlan
---3
3
3
Port-State
Cost Priority Portfast
Channel_id
------------- ----- -------- ---------- ---------blocking
3019
32 disabled
0
forwarding
3019
32 disabled
0
forwarding
3002
32 disabled
865
117

Console> (enable) show spantree statistics 3/47 3
Port 3/47 VLAN 3
SpanningTree enabled for vlanNo = 3
BPDU-related parameters
port spanning tree
enabled
state
blocking
port_id
0x80af
port number
0xaf
path cost
3019
message age (port/VLAN)
0(20)
designated_root
00-50-80-39-ee-42
designated_cost
0
designated_bridge
00-50-80-39-ee-42
designated_port
0x8026
top_change_ack
FALSE
config_pending
FALSE
port_inconsistency
none
PORT based information & statistics
config bpdu's xmitted (port/VLAN)
config bpdu's received (port/VLAN)
tcn bpdu's xmitted (port/VLAN)
tcn bpdu's received (port/VLAN)
forward trans count
scp failure count
Spanning Tree.
2(127624)
51(3124)
0(65)
0(36)
0
0
Spanning-tree
port state
Config BPDU stats

for port & VLAN
TCN BPDU stats for
port & VLAN
Number of times the

port transitioned to
forwarding mode
118

[continued]
VLAN based information & statistics
spanningtree type
spanningtree multicast address
bridge priority
bridge mac address
bridge hello time
bridge forward delay
topology change initiator:
last topology change occured:
topology change
topology change time
topology change detected
topology change count
topology change last recvd. from
ieee
01-80-c2-00-00-00
49152
00-d0-00-3f-a0-02
2 sec
15 sec
3/48
Thu Jan 20 2000, 23:53:12
FALSE
35
FALSE
63
00-d0-79-09-60-5d
Other port-specific info

dynamic max age transitions
0
port bpdu ok count
0
msg age expiry count
0
link loading
1
bpdu in processing
FALSE
num of similar bpdus to process
0
received_inferior_bpdu
FALSE
next state
4
Spanning Tree.
Port on which
TCN was last
received
Time of last TCN
Total topology
change count
BID that sourced

the last TCN
Number of times the

stored BPDU expired
119
References
Cisco Press Cisco LAN Switching book, two
chapters on Spanning Tree
Troubleshooting Spanning-Tree Protocol and
Related Design Considerations
http://www.cisco.com/warp/customer/473/16.html
Bridge Loop Troubleshooting:

http://www-tac.cisco.com/Support_Library/
Internetworking/ Spanning_Tree/span.html
Spanning Tree.
120
121

Spanning Tree

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Spanning Tree

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Basics

Spanning Tree Concepts

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Protocol

STP is a link management protocol

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Protocol Basics

1. Without the spanning-tree protocol in a redundant topology, a frame

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Protocol Basics

1. Without the spanning-tree protocol in a redundant topology, a frame

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Protocol Basics

1. Without the spanning-tree protocol in a redundant topology, a frame

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

3. Lowest Sender BID

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Terminology

Bridge priority (per bridge)

Topology Change Notification

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Terminology

Root Port - Port with least

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Non-Designated Port Port in blocking mode

Initial STP Convergence

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Root Bridge

Election process to determine root

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Root Bridge

All bridges have an 8 byte bridge ID2 bytes

Lowest bridge ID (BID) becomes root

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Root Port

Port state on a root port is never

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Designated Bridge

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Designated Bridge

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Designated Port

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Non-Designated Port

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Port States

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

STP State Machine

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Configuration

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Hello Interval

The frequency with which a

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Forward Delay

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Spanning Tree Max Age

The amount of time a bridge stores a

Most important to blocked port state

2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.