BONDING

BONDING

Introduction

Atomic structure

Periodic table

Chemical bonding

BONDING
INTRODUCTION

Atoms are the basic building block of

any materials.
These atoms consists
neutrons and electrons.

of

protons,

BONDING

The atomic weight is the total

weight of the protons and neutrons
present.
The atomic number Z, is a number
which corresponds to the no. of
electrons or protons present in a
neutral atom.
NEXT

Atomic structure
What is atomic structure?
The term atomic structure
means the spatial arrangement of
electrons around the nucleus in an
atom. The quantum mechanical theory
(QMT) has explained the atomic
structure satisfactorily.

Atomic structure

Schematic atomic structure

Atomic structure

Real atomic structure

Atomic structure
Quantum atomic model
According to QMT the position of an
electron in an atom cannot be specified
precisely, but it is possible to visualize
the electron as an electron probability
density cloud around the nucleus.
Each electron present in an atom is
specified by a unique set of quantum
numbers such as n, l, m, s.

Atomic structure

n is called principal quantum number

can have all positive integer values (ie.
0,1,2,3), the larger the n value the
electron is farther from the nucleus.
l is called orbital angular momentum
quantum number which gives the
shape of the orbital and can have
values from l= 0 to l= n-1.

Atomic structure

It is customary to specify s for l =0; p

for l=1; d for l=2; f for l=3 etc.

m is the magnetic quantum number and

defines the spatial orientation of the
orbitals and take values from l, -l+1,
, 0 , , l-1, l .

Atomic structure

s is the spin quantum number can take

values of + and -

The orbitals are arranged in the order

of increasing energy as 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s,
3p, 4s, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p.. in the atom.

Atomic structure

The filling up of electrons in these

orbitals is according to the pauli
exclusion principle and minimum
energy criterion.
The maximum no. of electrons in each
orbital is given by the formula 2(2l+1)
NEXT

The periodic table

The periodic table is the systematic

arrangement of elements was
originally
developed
by
experimental observations.

The periodic table

In this table, elements are placed

in order of increasing atomic
number and arranged in a series of
vertical column, or groups, so that
all the elements in a group display
similar chemical properties.

The periodic table

The similarity of properties in

groups is due to the fact, that
presence of same no. of electrons
in its outer, or valence, shells that
participate
most
strongly
in
chemical reactions.

NEXT

Chemical bonding
Chemical bond

Primary bond

Secondary bond

Primary bond

Stronger bonds with bond energies in

the
range
of
100-1000KJ/mol(110ev/bond)
The type of primary bond an atom will
form is determined by the properties
such as electronegativity, ionization
potential and electron affinity.

Primary bond

Electronegativity
is
the
relative
tendency of an element to gain or
attract an electron.
Ionization potential is the energy
required to remove an electron from an
isolated neutral atom.
Electron affinity is the energy released
when an isolated neutral atom gains an
electron.

Primary bond

If the difference in electronegativity

values, of two atoms which are forming
bond, is more it will form ionic bond
and if it is less it will form covalent
bond.
The bonding can be understood using
interatomic force and potential energy
curves.

Primary bond
Classification of primary bonds
Primary bonds
Ionic

Covalent

Metallic

Ionic bond

Formation of Ionic bond between Na+ an Cl

atoms to produce NaCl
Na - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 &

Cl - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Ionic bond

1.
2.
3.

Ionic bond forms between two

oppositely charged ions which are
produced by transfer of electrons from
one atom to another atom.

Production of ions of opposite sign

The columbic attraction
The short range repulsion

Ionic bond
1.

Production of ions of opposite sign

The element sodium (Na) has at. no.

Z=12 also of electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 and the first ionization
potential is 5.1ev/atom(496KJ/mol).
Therefore the reaction is as follows:
Na

Na+ + e-

Ionic bond

The atomic no. of Cl is 17 with the

electronic configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6
3s2 3p5 also the electron affinity of Cl is
3.8eV/atom(369KJ/mol).Therefore the
Cl atom occupy the electron released by
Na atom as below:
Cl + eClThe net increase in potential energy
(E) is 1.3eV(127KJ/mol).

Ionic bond
2.

The columbic attraction

The charged ions will act as point
charges.
The columbic force of attraction will
act on the atoms and is equal to
F =A z1z2e2/r
Where, z1 & z2 are the valency of the
two ions, e is electronic charge, r is the
distance of separation and A is const.

Ionic bond
3.

The short range repulsion

The assumption of point charge will be
valid only when the electron clouds of
two atoms do not overlap.
When they starts overlapping the
repulsive force increases sharply with
decreasing distance due to pauli
exclusion principle. And is equal to
F = B/rm Where, B & m are consts.

Ionic bond
summary

The total potential energy associated

with the system of bond forming atoms
is given by:
W = -A z1z2e2/r + B/rm + E
The bond energy (Wo) and bond length
(ro) can be found by setting dW/dr = 0.

Ionic bond

The ionic character of

the bond
increases as the difference (E)
reduces( i.e. the ionic bond is favored
between
the
electropositive
and
electronegative elements)
Ionic bonds are non directional
consequently the ionic solids are closely
packed.
NEXT

Covalent bond

Formation of covalent bond

between two Cl atoms to
produce Cl2 molecule

Covalent bond

Covalent bonding occurs by the sharing

of electrons(overlapping of electron
clouds) between neighboring atoms.
These are directional bonds
Packing is not so close as ionic bonding.

NEXT

Metallic bond

Metallic bonds are best characterized by

the phrase "a sea of electrons"

Metallic bond

The sharing between the neighboring

atoms are delocalised.
The metallic state can be visualized as
an array of positive ions
with a
common pool of electrons to which all
the metal atoms have contributed their
outer electrons. These common pool is
called free electron cloud.
NEXT

Secondary bonds

These bonds are weaker compared to

primary bonds.
This bonds arises due to the presence
of dipole moments in molecules.
Examples of these types of bonds are
hydrogen bond
and van der Walls

bond.

Secondary bonds

Hydrogen bond
In many molecules, where hydrogen
takes part in the covalent bonding, the
centers of the positive and negative
charges do not coincide. As a result
these molecules possesses a permanent
dipole moment (E.g H2O).
The presence of dipole moment makes
bond.

Secondary bonds
+
+

+
+

The presence of hydrogen bond

between water molecule

Secondary bonds

van der Walls bond

These bond arises between atoms due
to the momentary fluctuations in the
charge distribution around atom.
Inert gases forms solids at low
temperatures due to the van der Walls
force.
NEXT

Structure of solids
The solids can exist in two forms Such
as crystalline and noncrystaline states.
The no. of nearest neighbors (CN), that
an atom or an ion has in a solid is
nearly the same for crystalline and
noncrystaline.
In crystals the long range order (LRO)
is maintained but in non crystals the
short range order (SRO) is maintained.

Atomic packing and

coordination number

Coordination number (CN) is defined

as the number of nearest neighbors of

each atom in a structure.
The CN of ionic solids are determined
by the size difference of the atoms
taking part, i.e. in terms of radius ratio
of cation to anion ( rc / ra).

Atomic packing and

coordination number

The relationship between the ratio of

the radii and the resulting CN is found
by setting the following conditions:
i. Cations touch anions.
ii. The no. of anions surrounding a
given cation will be as high as
geometrically possible.
iii. And ions cannot overlap.

Atomic packing and

coordination number
Coordination
Critical
No.
(r/R) value
2

(r/R) stability
range

Geometry

0<r/R < 0.155

( leanier)

0.155

0.155 r/R < 0.225

( triangular)

0.225

0.225 r/R < 0.414

(tetrahedral)

Atomic packing and

coordination number
6

0.414

0.414 r/R < 0.732

( octahedral)

12

0.732

1.0

0.732 r/R < 1

r/R = 1

( cubic)
FCC or HCP

Atomic packing and

coordination number
1.

Ionic solids
The cation is usually small than anion.
And ionic bonds are non directional .
Therefore it can have coordination
number from 2 to 12 depending on
the radius ratio.

Atomic packing and

coordination number
Covalent solids
covalent
solids
are
directionally
bonded.
Therefore it will be loosely packed.
For
example
diamond
has
a
coordination of 4.

Atomic packing and

coordination number
Metallic solids
Metallic bonds are nondirectional
And the metallic atoms can be
considered as spheres of constant
radius.
Therefore the metals are packed in
closed pack structure such as FCC, HCP
(0.74) or BCC (0.68).