SAFETY AND HEALTH AT

WORKPLACE

OIL AND GAS DEPARTMENT

SHE - SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION
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1. OSH Management
• Why Manage Occupational Safety and Health ?
• Management Leadership
• Assignment of Responsibility
• Maintenance of Safe & Health Working
Conditions and Practices
• OSH Training
• Accident and Incident Recording
• Occupational Health and First Aid System
• Employee Responsibility
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2. Machine Guarding / Fencing
• Definition
• The Need For Fencing
• Legislation
• Fencing Specification

3. Lockout and Tagout System (LO/TO)

• When to LO/TO
• LOTO Procedures
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4. Safety Inspection
• Objective
• Benefits
• Types of Inspection
• Inspection Guidelines
• Safety Observation
• PPE
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5. Safety in Confined Space
• Main Danger
• Oxygen deficiency
• Fire and Explosion
• Toxicity
• Respirators
• Standby / Rescue
• Legal Requirement
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6. Job Safety Analysis ( JSA )
• First Step
• Second Step
• Third Step
• JSA Review
 
7. Group Performance
• Case study
• Presentation
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1. OSH MANAGEMENT
1.1. Why Manage Occupational
Safety
and Health ? 

A. Legal Requirement
– Law – Act and Regulation
– Codes of Practice

B. Humanitarian Consideration
– Ethics
– Morals
– Industrial relations
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C. Economic Factor
– Productivity
– Medical cost
– Insurance premium
 
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1.2 Management Leadership 
• Leadership by example
• Assumption of responsibility
• Declaration of OSH policy
• Implementation of OSH policy
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1.3 Assignment of Responsibility 
• OSH is a line responsibility
• OSH officer / manager to advice and provide
assistance to line managers.
 
1.4 Maintenance of Safe & Healthy
conditions and practice.
• OSH Inspection / Audits
• Engineering Revision
• Purchasing Considerations
• Supervisory roles
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1.5 OSH Training
• Tailored to different needs of different
levels of management, supervisors and
shop floor employees.
  1.6 Accident and Incident Recording
• For monitoring of performance in OSH
• Assessment of effectiveness of OSH training
and maintenance programs.
• Measure of achievements
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1.7 Occupational Health and First Aid
System
• Pre – employment / pre- placement medical assessment
• Medical surveillance programmes
• Occupational Hygiene ( workplace )
• Emergency response plans
 
1.8 Employee Responsibility
• Adequate OSH training provided
• Allow for active participation in OSH improvements
• Motivate employees with adequate rewards.
  
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2.0 MACHINE GUARDING
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2.1 Definition
• Machine guarding or Fencing is safeguarding by
means of a locked rail enclosure that restricts
access to the machine or an area, except by
authorized personnel.
2.2 The need for Fencing
• Guard rails may be required to fence at the edges
of access ways and openings in floor to avoid
people from falling. Some examples of hazards
include the operation are :-
• Fixed ladders
• Ramps (portable ladder)
• Catwalks, runaways
• and walkways
• Openings
• Stairways
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2.3 Legislation
Fencing the Machinery
The Factories and Machinery ( Fencing of
Machinery and Safety - Regulations 1970).Every
dangerous part of every driven machine mover
and transmission machinery shall fenced in
accordance with this regulations.
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• Construction and Maintenance of Fencing
• All fencing or other safeguards shall be of strong
construction and constantly maintained and kept securely
fastened in position at all time when the parts requires to be
fenced or safeguarded in motion or in use except when any
such parts are necessarily exposed in motion for
examination and for any lubrication or adjustment shown by
the examination to be immediately necessary.
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2.4 Fencing Specification 

• Guard shall be designed, constructed

and used so that they will :
• Provide positive protection
• Prevent access to danger zone during
operation
• Cause the operator no discomfort or
inconvenience
• Withstand long use with minimum
maintenance
• Resist normal wear and shock
• Not constitute a hazard by themselves
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2.4 Fencing Specification
• Every guard shall be securely fastened to the machine
or to the floor, wall or ceiling and shall be kept in
place whenever the machine is operating.

• The type of guard rail that can be used for fencing can
be constructed from timber , metal pipe and other
structural metal.

• Further specification details about fencing and railing

are detailed out in the First Schedule of Factory and
Machinery ( Fencing of Machinery and Safety )
Regulations 1970.
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3.0 LOCKOUT AND TAGOUT ( LO / TO )
   3.1 Lockout
A technique used to prevent
hazardous energy from
injuring and even killing workers.

• A padlock is placed on a
disconnect Switch, Circuit
Breaker, Valve Handle that
is in the ‘OFF’ or ‘CLOSED’ position. 
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3.2 Tagout
A written warning tag is placed on the Energy
Isolating
Device which is in the ‘OFF’ or ‘CLOSED’
position.

• Lockout and Tagout system was especially

designed to protect against the
unexpected startup of a machine that is
supposed to be turned OFF.
• In the Lockout system, a padlock is placed
through a gate covering the activating
mechanism or is applied in some other
manner to prevent a machine from being
turned on until the lock is removed.
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• The lock is usually has a label that gives the name,
department and the telephone extension of the
person who put it on.
• It may also carry a message such as the following : ‘
This lock is to be removed only by ………….’.
• The Tagout system is exactly like a lockout system
except a tag is substituted for the lock. Tags should
be used only in cases where a lock is not feasible.
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• Sometimes, tags and locks may be used
together.
• When an employer uses the Tagout system
instead of the locks, they must provide a level of
safety equivalent to a Lockout Programme.
• The four factors that essential for effective LOTO
System.
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3.2.1 Attention in details – It is important to have procedures
covering all steps and allowing for all contingencies.
 
3.2.2 Extensive Training – Employers must teach workers about
LOTO procedures and WHY it is important to use them.

3.2.3 Reinforcement Training – Employers must reinforce the

training provided by stressing the importance of safety
principles and practices.
 
3.2.4 Disciplinary Action – Violators of LOTO procedures and
other general safety principles and practices must be
disciplined.
  
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3.3 When to LO/TO

• Whenever performing service or

maintenance on any machine
where unexpected start-up or
release of stored energy could
cause injury , the worker must
perform Lockout / Tagout
procedures.
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• 3.3.1 Energy Sources :-

• A. Electrical energy
- Transformer, Power
transmission
lines, motor, etc.
• B. Hydraulic
- Fluid under pressure
• C. Pneumatics
- Compressed air under pressure
• D. Pressurized liquids and gasses
– Steam , Chemicals. 
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3.4 LOTO Procedures ( 6
Steps )
1st : Prepare the shutdown
2nd : Shut down the equipment ( Working place )
3rd : Isolate the equipment
4th : Apply LOTO devices
5th : Control stored energy
6th : Verify isolation of equipment

• Authorized employee / affected employee role,

Training to be given.
• Removal of LOTO – individual / group locking
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• SAFETY INSPECTION
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4.1 Objectives
4.1.1 To maintain plant safety by :
 
– Identification of unsafe ACTS and unsafe CONDITIONS
– Notification of line supervision for corrective action
 
4.1.2 To Minimize loss by early
detection of
potential Health and Safety
Hazards.
 
4.1.3 To ensure compliance with
OSHA REQUIREMENT
 
 
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4.2 Benefits
• Promote on the spot correction
• Develop workers health and safety
attitude
• Help supervisors learn about
workers and to identify difficult
workers.
• Check adequacy of training
program ( safety observation )
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4.3 Types of Inspection

• Inspection of working condition (Unsafe

Condition).This pertains of the checking of
equipments, machines, personal protective
equipment (PPE). Noise level, housekeeping and
etc.

• Inspection of working practices ( Unsafe

Acts ).This pertains to be observation
identification of unsafe methods.
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4.4 Inspection Guidelines
• The inspection checklist should be a user friendly and the
inspection team members should fill all information
required in the checklist. If any section is not applicable to
the department being inspected write N/A.
recommendations must be precise (eg. Name the
machine, exit no, fire Extinguisher no. and location.)

• The checklist is meant as a guide and is subjected to

revision when more information is available. Write on a
separate sheet if necessary if the listed in the checklist or
if you don’t have enough space to write in details.
 
• Each member of the inspection team should be record
his/her own findings to be discussed later in the closing
conference.
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• Where possible, positive behavior reinforcement is
recommended when the inspection members identify
unsafe conditions or unsafe behavior.
 
• Photographs taking should be done for both. Very good
safe practices and conditions as well as unsafe
conditions and acts. However, taking photographs are
not meant to incriminate a fellow worker. Photo taking
is and should be used as visual tool for further
communication.
 
• Closing Conference – The closing conference is the
time for the inspection team members to discuss the
findings. Each member should summarized and write
up the final report.
 
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• Closing Conference – The inspection coordinator should
carry out the following up activities and discuss the
findings and follow up at the next OSH meeting.

• REMEMBER – It should be understand that the inspection

team must NEVER touch anything or any equipment
while inspecting a work area. If there is any need to
correct any unsafe conditions or act, talk to the
supervisor and ask him to carry out the task. The reason
for this that the inspection member may not have the
required expertise to ensure that the correction required
carried out CORRECTLY.
 
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4.5 Safety Observation
• Safety observation are used to identify unsafe ACTS. 80% of all
reported industrial accidents are caused by unsafe ACTS while
remainder caused by unsafe conditions.   

4.5.1 Approaches
• Be firm
• Make private contacts
• Always explain what, why and how
• Get reason for acting unsafely
• Review the safe alternative
• To have agreement on future practices
• Where possible , positive behavior reinforcement is recommended
 
 
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 4.6 Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
 
 
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4.6.1 Types of PPE
 

• Hearing – Ear plugs and ear muffs: noisy area

• Eye - Gogles, safety spectacles ; area where

splashing of chemicals of flying object may
be present.
• Face - Face shield : areas where splashing of
chemicals or flying objects may be present.
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• Falling Hazard - Safety belt, life line , ladder, working at
height.

• Whole Body Splashing – Apron, : chemical splashing

 
• Hand - Gloves : chemical , heavy load areas, heat.
 
• Respirator - Mask ( full face/half face ), SCBA – Self
Contained Breathing Apparatus, ; where
excessive chemical vapor or fumes may
be present.
 
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• Special attention should be given by the inspectors during
respirator inspection. Check for : The condition of the
respirator, start date and end date usage of the catridge,
suitable catridge, catridge and respirator should be kept
in a proper storage place or at least in a plastic bag and
cleanliness.

• Feet - Safety shoes ; may place where heavy load is

handled and any place where objects may

fall on feet.
 
• Head - Helmet ; areas where falling objects or potential
to knock head is high.
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Confine Space
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5.1 Definition
• A confined space is a tank , process vessel, underground
vault, tunnel or other enclosure not design or intended fro
human occupancy, except for the purpose of performing
work :
 
• That has limited number openings for entry and exit
• That has poor natural ventilation
• In which there may be an oxygen – deficient atmosphere,
or,
• In which there may be an airborne hazardous substance
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5.2 Main Danger In
Confined Space

• Oxygen deficiency and

oxygen enrichment
• Fire or explosion
• Toxic substance
• Drowning in liquids or
free flowing solids. 
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5.3 Two Main Cause Of Oxygen Deficiency
• Oxygen is displace by gases such as nitrogen, an
inert gas introduced to displace flammable gases
when purging vessels.
• Oxygen is used up by :
• Combustion of flammable substance such as in welding and
other hot work.
• Explosion or fires ( oxygen levels may stay dangerously low
long after the fire is out because the oxygen is replaced by
product combustion).
• Chemical reaction such as rusting of metal.
• People working in the space and using up oxygen as they
breath.
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5.4 What Are The Effects Of Reduced
Oxygen Level
• Normal air has approximately 21 % oxygen
• At least 16% oxygen , your judgement and breathing are
impaired and you are quickly fatigue.
• At 12% you become unconscious and will die unless
removed from the area.
• At 6% you have difficulty breathing and will die in
minutes.

 
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5.5 What Happens When The Level Of
Oxygen Is High ?
 
• More than 20.9% oxygen in the air creates an oxygen
enriched atmosphere. This will cause flammable materials,
such as clothing and hair, to burn violently when ignited.
NEVER use pure oxygen to ventilate a confined space.
 
5.6 Fire and Explosion
 
• Fire and explosion are serious dangers in confined spaces.
Chemicals, poor ventilation, static electricity or machinery
may cause explosions and fire.
 
FIRE AND EXPLOSION
FIRE AND EXPLOSION
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5.7 Toxicity
• Toxic ( poisonous ) gases present two kind of risks in a confined
space:
• Irritation
• Chemical asphyxiation.
 
5.8 Warning
 
• Be sure the confined space has been tested fully before entry.
Continue to test, if necessary, while person are working there. Wear
prescribe respirator and personal protective equipment (PPE).

• Keep the engine exhaust gases away from openings of confined

spaces where people might work.
 
 
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5.9 Testing The Atmosphere.

• It is necessary to test all areas ( top, middle, bottom ) of

a confined space with properly calibrated testing
instrument to determine what gases are present. If
testing reveals oxygen – deficiency, or the presence of
toxic gases or vapours, the space must be
ventilated and re – tested before
workers enter. If ventilation is not
possible and entry is necessary
( for emergency rescue, for
example ),
workers must have appropriate
respiratory protection.
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5.10 Respirators

• Respirators are devices that can allow

workers to safely breathe without
inhaling toxic gases or particles. Two
basic types are AIR PURIFYING, which
filter dangerous substances from the
air ; and AIR SUPPLYING, which
deliver a supply of safe breathing air
from a tank or an uncontaminated area
nearby.
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5.11 Standby / Rescue
• A stand bye person should be assigned to remain
on outside of the confined space and be in
constant contact ( visual or speech ) with the
workers inside. The standby person should not
have any other duties but to serve as standby and
know who should not enter a confined space until
help arrives, and then only with proper protective
equipment, life lines, and respirators.
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5.12 Legal Requirement
• Regulation 13 of the Factories and Machinery
( Safety, Healthy and Welfare ).Regulations
1970 describe more detailed requirements for
work in confined spaces :
• Minimum access / egress to a confined space is a
manhole at least 16” wide or 18” in diameter if
circular.
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• All practicable steps must be taken to
remove fumes.
• Atmospheric testing must be carried out, or
alternatively a suitable respiratory device
and safety belt and life line must be worn.
• A person must be at the entrance to the
work and to take emergency action. 
• Adequate equipment and training must be
provided.
Bright Sparkles Tragedy
-1991
Bright Sparkles Tragedy
-1991
Bright Sparkles Tragedy
-1991
Bright Sparkles Tragedy
-1991
 Safety Philosophy
• Safety should be obvious
• Safety is learned and experience
• Some occupational illnesses such
as toxic chemicals and asbestos
exposure do not show symptom
for 10 to 30 years.
• We need to be trained to
recognize this hazards.
 Safety Philosophy
• Our employees are the company's
greatest resource. To protect this
resource, we continue to instill a safety
culture that permeates every level
of the company and every worksite.
• Project Managers are held accountable
for accident costs. Because we are team
members with owners and general
contractors, our Project Managers are
also accountable, on a daily basis,
to our customers' safety concerns.
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• JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS ( JSA )
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• A good JSA will describe an accident before it
happens, and set up the necessary safety
precautions to eliminate or guard against the
hazards.

• It is most positive accident PREVENTION

TOOL we have, and will if properly
developed.

• Identify the hazards or potential accident

associated with each step of a job.  
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• Develop precautions that will eliminate
guard against the hazards or potential
accidents on each job.

• Provide an up to date safe job

procedures for training purposes, and
it will be your guide for the
enforcement of safe work procedures.
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6.1 First Step

• Determine the jobs to be analyzed by

studying past safety performance, or….
• Frequency of minor injuries…
• Frequency of disabling injuries
• Potential serious accident
• Causing damage to equipment but not
resulting in injuries to employees.
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• JSA should be made on any new jobs
before the job are performed.
• The JSA will then be a valuable tool in
breaking in employees on the new jobs.
• Organize each basic step of the job in
natural order.
• Describe each step with an action word
eg.: REMOVE, PLACE, FILL, etc…
and end with the subject being discussed.
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• Each step is a generalization
• Detail must be omitted
• Too much detail will make the job
monumental.
• Too little detail will omit natural
steps in the breakdown.
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REMEMBER!!!
• IT IS IMPORTANT THAT EACH NATURAL STEP THE
JOB BE DESCRIBE.

• ONLY THEN CAN WE CONCENTRATE ON LOOKING

FOR ALL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH
PARTICULAR JOB.

• CAUTION : AN OVERLOOKED NATURAL STEP

COULD MEAN AN OVERLOOKED HAZARD.
  
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6.2 Second Step

• Identify hazards and potential accidents

• Identify all hazards relating to job environment
and procedures.
• Observe each step with the objectives of making
that specific step safer and more efficient.
• Pay particular attention to those basic steps
where a man can be struck by objects or caught
in, on, or between anything, fall or expose
himself at gas, heat, radiation and etc.
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REMEMBER !!!!

• DEVOTE FULL ATTENTION TO IDENTIFY THE

HAZARDS AND POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS.

• FORGET ABOUT THE SAFETY PRECAUTION

UNTIL ALL HAZARDS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED.
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6.3 Third Step
 
• Institute ways to eliminate hazards and potential accidents.
• Develop a better way to do the job.
• Review carefully the possibility of changing the job
procedures.
• Suggest environmental changes if changing the job
procedures is not adequate.
• Eliminate the frequency with each job must be done by
instituting new methods or ways of doing thing /job.
• Check precautions recommended by re observing the job and
specify the necessary protective equipment required.
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6.4 Developing JSA Review
6.4.1 Basic Steps
• Select job to be analyzed
• Breakdown jobs into progressive steps
• Identify the hazards and potential
accidents
• Develop ways to ensure the hazards listed
are eliminated.
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6.4.2 Selecting The Job
 
• Jobs having are repeated number of accidents
are prime candidates for an early JSA review.
• Any job that has been produced disabling
injuries might be a candidate for an early JSA.
• The most hazard potential.
• Any job that is potential for a serious accident or
injury should be considered for JSA.
• The entire job may be too large to analyze at
one time. If that is the case break the job down
into subtasks and address those portions of the
job that may have.
 
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6.4.3 Breaking Down the Job

• Select the right person to observe. If you are not

thoroughly familiar with a particular job, the person
selected should be experienced, capable and willing
to share thoughts.
• Brief the person on the purpose of JSA. Explain
thoroughly what is being done. ASK for
COOPERATION.
• Observe the job. Record each step on the worksheet.
Check the job with the worker when finished. ASK for
his input.
 
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6.4.4 Identify the Hazards

• Analyze the job to identify and potential accidents

• Each should be recorded on the worksheets in the
centre column.
• Keep the hazards parallel with the steps recorded.
• Check with the employees for the ideas.
• Check with the other employees who have
knowledge of the job.
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6.5 Solutions Might Incorporate
• An entirely different way to do the job
• A chance in physical conditions, layout or environment.
• A changed job procedure.
• A change in how often the job is performed.
• For each hazard ask ‘How can be done differently “and
“How should it be done “. Solution like “Be more alert”
or “Use more caution “ are NOT GOOD ENOUGH.
• Solutions must state exactly what to do and how to do it.

 
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REMEMBER !!!!!!

• BEST DEFENSE IS A GOOD OFFENSE

• THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF JSA
WILL REDUCE ACCIDENTS AND
INJURIES.
 
 
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7.0 Group Performance
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• The students /participants will have a group
brainstorming and discussion and present the outcome of
the SAFETY PROGRAM. Each group will have to :-

• Identify the HAZARDS at their working area.

• Perform the Job Safety Analysis ( JSA ) base on the

case.

• Perform a PRESENTATION base on the case.

• Comment and suggestion by Safety and Health

Officer – SHO.