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Logarithms
Jacques Text Book (edition 4):
Section 2.3 & 2.4
Indices & Logarithms
Indices
Definition - Any expression written as an is
defined as the variable a raised to the power of
the number n
n is called a power, an index or an exponent of a
1
= n
a
e.g. a-2
1
= 2
a
e.g. where a = 2
2-1 = 1 or 2-2 = 1 1
2 2 4
2
3) A Zero power
a0 = 1
e.g. 80 = 1
4) A Fractional power
1
n
a a
e.g.
1
2
9 2 9 9 3
1
83
382
23
3 2
1
e . g .1
2
2
2
2
23
3 0
3
e . g .2
2
8
0
2
Rule 2 notes
23
e.g . 3 233 20 1
2
23
e.g . 2 23( 2 ) 25 32
2
23
1
1
3 2
5
e.g .
22
25 32
Rule 3
(am)n = am.n
e.g. (23)2 = 26 = 64
Rule 4
an. bn = (ab)n
e.g. 32 42 = (34)2 = 122 = 144
Likewise,
n
an
a
n
b
b
if b0
e.g.
2
6
32
22 4
1) b = x
3/4
2) b = x x
2
3/2
3/4 8
3) b = (x )
2
x y
4) b = x 4 y
Logarithms
A Logarithm is a mirror image of an
index
n
If m = b then logbm = n
The log of m to base b is n
If y = xn then n = logx y
The log of y to the base x is n
e.g.
1000 = 103
0.01 = 10-2
x = log39
2)
x = log42
then m = bn
then
2=4
9 = 3x
9=33=3
x=2
2 = 4 = 4
x = 1/2
1/2
2)
log
x
y
= logb x logb y
3
log 10
log 10 3 log 10 2
eg.
2
logb xm = m. logb x
2
log
3
2 log10 3
10
e.g.
3)
(1)
logb 1 = 0
1x1
e.g. log101=0
and therefore,
1
logb x = - logb x
And..
(2)
logb b = 1
1x
e.g. log10 10 = 1
(3)
logb
1
x = n logb x
A Note of Caution:
All logs must be to the same base in applying
the rules and solving for values
The most common base for logarithms are logs
to the base 10, or logs to the base e (e =
2.718281)
Logs to the base e are called Natural Logarithms
logex = ln x
If y = exp(x) = ex
then loge y = x or ln y = x
Features of y = ex
non-linear
always
positive
8.00
7.00
6.00
as x get
y and
slope of
graph
(gets
steeper)
y=ex
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
(4)x = 64
1) rewrite equation so that it is no longer a power
Take logs of both sides
log(4)x = log(64)
rule 3 => x.log(4) = log(64)
2) Solve for x
x = log(64 )
log( 4)
Does not matter what base we evaluate the logs, providing the same
base is applied both to the top and bottom of the equation
3) Find the value of x by evaluating logs using (for example) base 10
x = 1.8062 ~= 3
0.6021
Check the solution
(4)3 = 64
200(1.1)x = 20000
Simplify
x = log(100)
log(1.1)
no matter what base we evaluate the logs, providing the same base is applied both to the top and
bottom of the equation
Find the value of x by evaluating logs using (for example) base 10
2
x=
= 48.32
0.0414
200(1.1)x = 20000
200(1.1)48.32 = 20004
Another Example:
Find the value of x
5x = 2(3)x
1. rewrite equation so x is not a power
Take logs of both sides
log(5x) = log(23x)
rule 1 => log 5x = log 2 + log 3x
rule 3 => x.log 5 = log 2 + x.log 3
Cont..
2.
Solve for x
x [log 5 log 3] = log 2
rule 2 =>
x[log
] = log 2
log( 2 )
x = log( 5 )
3
3.
An Economics Example 1
Y= f(K, L) =
A KL
An Economics Example 2
Y = National Income = 30,000 mill in
1964. It grows at 4% p.a. In 1984, Y = ?
1964:
1965:
1966:
1984:
1984:
Y=3
Y = 3(1.04)
Y = 3(1.04)2
Y = 3(1.04)20
logY = log{3(1.04)20}
logY = log3 + log{(1.04)20}
logY = log3 + 20.log(1.04)