DRILLING MACHINE

The primary function of a drilling machine is to originate a hole. But it can

be used to perform various types of similar type of operations. In a drilling
machine a hole can be drilled quickly at low cost. This hole is generated by the
rotating edge of a cutting tool known as drill. This drill or drill bit exerts large
amount of force on the job. So as this machine exerts vertical pressure to originate
a hole, this machine is sometimes loosely called as Drill Press.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

1. Portable Drilling machine

2. Sensitive Drilling
machine

3. Upright Drilling
machine

5. Gang Drilling machine

a) Bench Mounting

6. Multiple Spindle Drilling machine

b) Floor Mounting

7. Automatic Drilling machine

a) Box Column
b) Round Column
a) Plain

4. Radial Drilling machine

b) Semi Universal
c) Universal

8. Deep-hole Drilling
machine

a) Vertical
b) Horizontal

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

1. PORTABLE DRILLING MACHINE: Small size (12 to 18 mm) holes

are drilled on jobs at any position, which are difficult to drill by
other type of machines. Not only A.C. or D.C. but pneumatic or
hydraulic power is also available

2. SENSITIVE DRILLING MACHINE: Small size machines

designed for drilling small size holes on light work. Automatic
feed is not available in this type of machines. High rotational
speed is required as the diameter of the drill is small. The drill
size of this type of machine is ranges from 15 to 15 mm. This
machine can be directly mounted on the floor or can be
mounted on a table depending on the type of operation.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

3. UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE: This machine is comparatively

heavier in construction to drill medium size of holes. The fig shows
round column type upright drill machine. It consists of a base on
which a vertical column is fixed. At the upper end of the column,
drill head is placed. Height of the drill head can be adjusted,

according to the size of the work. Drill spindle is rotated by a motor

attached with the drill head. A table is also there to accommodate
the job with suitable fixing device. Automatic feeding may available
in this type of machine. Up to 50mm. size of hole can be drilled by
this type of machine.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

3. UPRIGHT DRILLING MACHINE:

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

4. RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE: The construction of this type of machine is heavier than
upright drilling machine and also used to drill medium to large size on large work pieces.
The machine has a heavy round vertical column on a large base. Radial arm of the machine
is supported on this column. This arm can be moved vertically up and down either by hand
or with the help of an electric motor to accommodate different size of job. It can also swivel
around the column to drill hole at any position of the work table.
The drill head contains rotating and feeding
mechanism (automatic also) of the drill bit and is
placed on the horizontal arm. Mechanism for
changing the radius of the drill head from the
column is also there. All these movement of the

machine allows drilling numbers of holes at several

on a work without changing the position of the
work. The work may be mounted on the table or
directly on the machine base.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

4. RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE:

PLAIN: In a plain radial drill machine i) the radial arm can be moved vertically

up & down, ii) the radial arm can be swiveled about the axis of the column in a

horizontal plane and iii) the drill head can be moved along the radial arm.

SEMI UNIVEERSAL: In case of a semi universal radial drill machine in

addition to these three movements, the drill head can be swung about a horizontal

axis perpendicular to the arm. This fourth movement allows drilling holes at an
angle to the horizontal plane.

UNIVERSAL: In case of a universal drill machine in addition to the above four

movements, the arm can be swung about its own axis in the horizontal plane. This
movement allows drilling holes in the vertical side of the work.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

5. GANG DRILLING MACHINE: This machine is basically production purpose machine.
Generally four or six spindles are mounted side by side in this machine. The distance
between the spindles may be fixed or adjustable type. The speed & feed of each spindle

can be controlled independently.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

6. MULTIPLE SPINDLES DRILLING MACHINE: This is also a production purpose machine.

Here all the spindles of the machine runs by a single motor and speed & feed cannot be

controlled independently but its position can be adjusted.

TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINE

7. AUTOMATIC DRILLING MACHINE: Automatic drilling machine is also a production purpose
machine where a series of machining operations like drilling, milling, tapping etc. are carried out
automatically. The work is shifted automatically from one station to another. So when the work is
loaded in the machine, drilling operation is carried out automatically.
8. DEEP-HOLE DRILLING MACHINE: This machine is
operated at high speed and low feed with sufficient

amount of lubricants. In some cases both the work as

well as the drill rotates. The machine spindle may be
horizontal or vertical type. The job may be supported at
3 or 4 positions. The drill is removed from the work each
time automatically after it penetrates into the work equal
to the diameter of the drill. Generally rifle barrels, crank
shaft, long shafts etc. are used to produce by this type

of machine.

SPECIFICATION OF A DRILL MACHINE

1. Size of the drill (Range) that can be drilled by the machine.
2. Diameter of the drill table.
3. Maximum spindle travel.
4. Number of feeds available.
5. Morse taper number of the drill spindle.

6. Power input required.

7. Floor space area required.
8. Approximate weight of the machine.
These are the most generalized specification. But sometimes less number specification specified a
particular type of machine. For example

Portable drill machine can be specified by the maximum diameter of the drill that can be rotated
by the machine.

Sensitive & Upright drill machines are specified by the diameter of the largest piece of the work
that can be centered under the drill spindle. i.e. the distance between the column and table
centre.

Radial drill machines are specified by the diameter of the column and the length of the radial arm.

TOOL HOLDING DEVICES

1. BY DIRECTLY FITTING IN THE SPINDLE: Drill machine has a
spindle for holding the drill. It has a standard internal taper and thus
it can hold only one size of drill directly. Taper shank of the drill is
inserted inside the drill spindle and its tang is fitted inside the slot
provided for it and thus ensures a positive drive and reduces the
chances slipping. For removing from the spindle a drill drift is used.
2. BY USING A SLEEVE: Taper provided in the drill spindle and on
the shank of the drill is designated a number. Generally Morse Taper
number is used for this specification. Drill only the same Morse Taper
number with the drill spindle can be fitted directly. But for drills
having Morse Taper number less than the spindle taper number is
fitted inside the spindle with the help of drill sleeve.
3. BY USING A SOCKET: If the taper number of the drill
is larger than the spindle taper number then a drill
socket is used. The fig shows the construction of a drill
socket. The upper part of the socket has an outside
taper which fits inside the drill spindle and that of at the
lower part has an internal taper for the drill..

TOOL HOLDING DEVICES

4. BY USING CHUCKS: it is widely used for holding
small size drills of parallel shank. The jaws are

adjustable. Hence any size of drill between maximum and

minimum can be held in it. The drill chuck may be
tightened or loosened with the help of chuck key. A taper
arbor fitted at the arbor hole of the chuck and is placed
inside the taper hole of the spindle.

5. By special attachments
a) Tapping attachment;

b) Floating attachment.

DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS

1. Drilling;

4. Boring;

7. Spot facing;

2. Reaming;

5. Counter boring;

8. Trepanning;

3. Tapping;

6. Countersinking;

9. Grinding;
10. Lapping etc.

DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS

1. DRILLING: It is the operation of producing a round hole on a solid job. In
drilling exactly round hole cannot be produced. It becomes slightly elliptical in
shape. Also in drilling exact size cannot be produced. Because of the axial load, it
deflects and thus always an oversize hole is produced. To make the hole exactly
circular and accurate in size, reaming is done. In drilling operation in drill, the toll

is placed in the rotating spindle and the job is fixed on the table of the machine.
Axial pressure is then applied so that the material removed in the form of chip.

2. REAMING: It is the operation of sizing and finishing a drilled hole. In this

operation a reamer is used in the machine instead of a drill. Reamer is a
multiple edge cutting tool and removed material in the form of very fine
particles like dust. Its metal removal capacity is very low and limited to 0375

mm. only.

DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS

3. TAPPING: It is the operation of producing internal thread in a drilled or reamed

hole. In this operation a tap is rotated by the machine while the job is held
stationary. For this operation three sets of taps are used. The first one is called

the Rougher tap, and then the Intermediate tap is used and finally for finishing
Finishing tap is used.
For tapping in drilling machine, the tap is placed neither in the spindle directly nor with the help of a
drill chuck. It is placed in the spindle with the help of a Tapping Attachment. The tapping attachment
serves as a flexible connection between the drill spindle and the tap. The principle of working is that

when the tap reaches at the bottom or jams in the hole, the driving torque on the tap is released
immediately and thereby prevents any damage of the tap.
4. BORING: Boring is the operation of enlarging an existing hole. In this
process not only the diameter of the hole enlarged but also its position can
be changed, if required. By this process the hole become exactly round in
shape and surface quality is improved than a drilled hole. In this operation
the boring tool is fixed with the boring bar and is rotated by the spindle of the
machine while the job remains stationary on the table.

DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS

5. COUNTER BORING: The operation of enlarging the end of a hole cylindrically

is called counter boring. A counter bore is used for this operation. The pilot
advances in the hole of the job and maintains alignment of the tool. The pilot is
interchangeable for different sizes of the hole. It is done for making the space for
the head of bolt or stud. The central box of leaf spring for vehicles has counter
bored hole for bolt head.
6. COUNTERSINKING: The cone shaped enlargement at the end of existing
hole is called countersinking. A countersink is used to make the top end of the
hole conical for the flat head screw. Thus the top of the head of screw is set
plain with the surface of the job. Standard angle of this operation is 60, 82 &

90 and the cutting speed for this operation is much less than drilling operation.
7. SPOT FACING: It is the process of producing flat Surface Square with the
existing hole. This is done for providing seat for the bolt-head or nut or
washer. Generally end milling cutter is used as the tool for spot facing and is
rotated while the job remain stationary on the table

DRILLING MACHINE OPERATIONS

8. TREPANNING: It is the operation of producing large size of hole on

thin material. For this operation a centre hole is drilled first on the job.
Then the trepanning tool is placed at the drill spindle. The pilot of the
trepanning tool is placed inside the drilled hole so that the position of the
tool does not change. Now a block material is removed from the job as
shown in fig and thereby a large size of hole is produced.
9. GRINDING: Grinding operation may be performed in a drilling machine to finish a hardened hole.
The grinding wheel is made to revolve with the spindle and is fed up and down. A suitable grinding
wheel may be selected for surface grinding operation. Grinding can also be done to correct out of
roundness of the hole. The accuracy in grinding operation is quite high about 00025 mm.
10. LAPPING: Lapping is the operation of sizing and finishing a small diameter hole already hardened
by removing very small amount of material by using a lap. There are many kinds of lapping tools. The
copper head laps are commonly used. The lap fits in the hole and is moved up and down while it
revolves.

TAP SIZE DRILL

WORK HOLDING DEVICES

1. T-BOLT & CLAMP: There are so many types of clamps are used for
holding the job in a drilling machine. In most of the cases T-Bolts are
used with the clamp. T-Bolts are inserted in the T-Slots provided on the
machine table. A block of suitable size is placed at the rear end of the
clamp and then the nut is tightened for holding the job
2. DRILL PRESS VICE: Small regular shape (especially rectangular)

jobs are held in drill press vice for drilling operation. In this vice the job
is placed between the jaws of the vice and then the nut is tightened.
Suitable parallel plates can be used for holding the job in this vice if
required. The vice is also two types, namely PLANE type and
UNIVERSAL type.
Plane type vice is commonly used but here the top surface
of the job cannot be set at an angle with the horizontal which can be

done in case of a Universal vice

WORK HOLDING DEVICES

3. STEP BLOCK: The fig shows the arrangement of a step block used in
drilling machine. Here T-Bolt is placed in the T-Slot provided on machine
table. A flat plate is used to hold the job and then the nut of the T-Bolt is
tightened. At the rear side step block is used so that the height of the flat
plate can be adjusted according to the height of the job.
4. V-BLOCK: It is an accurately machined block, top surface of which
has a V-Shape opening. It is used for holding and locating cylindrical
type of work. Sometimes half-round clamps are also used with this
block for holding the job more rigidly.

5. ANGLE PLATE: Angle plate has two faces right angle with each other.
Generally it is made from C.I. and the surfaces are accurately machined. One of
its faces is bolted on the table of the machine with the help of T-Bolts while the
job is fixed at the other face (i.e. the vertical face) with the help of suitable nuts
& bolts and clamps.

WORK HOLDING DEVICES

6. DRILL JIGS: Drill jigs are used for mass production. The functions of

the jig are It holds the job rigidly on the machine table so that machining
can be done easily, it locates proper position of drilling so that marking is
not required and it guides the tool for accurate machining.

TYPES OF DRILL
1. Flat or Spade drill

2. Straight Fluted drill

3. Two-Lip Twist drill

4. Taper Shank Core drill (3 or

4 fluted)

a) Parallel Shank (Short Series or "Jobbers" )

Twist drill

5. Oil Tube drill

b) Parallel Shank (Stub Series) Twist drill

6. Centre drill

c) Parallel Shank (Long Series) Twist drill

d) Taper Shank Twist drill

TYPES OF DRILL
1. Flat or Spade drill: This is the simplest type of drill used for making hole in wood. Its cutting angle

varies from 90 to 120 while its relief angle or clearance angle ranges from 3 to 8. The
disadvantages of this type of drill are when ground for re-sharpening its diameter is reduced and
during machining its chip does not come out automatically.

2. Straight Fluted drill: This type of drill is used for soft materials like Brass, Aluminimum, Copper
etc. Here the flutes are parallel to the axis of the drill. The rake angle of this type of drill is 0 and there
is no lifting tendency of the job during machining.

TYPES OF DRILL
3. Two-Lip Twist drill or Twist drill: This type of drills is produced by forging a straight fluted
drill and then twisting it. There after rough milling operation of the flute is done to make
approximate size of the drill and then heat treatment is carried out for hardening. Finally grinding
of the drill is done for accurate size and shape. Depending on the shape of the shank, twist drill
can be classified as Straight Shank or Parallel Shank Twist Drill and Taper Shank Twist Drill.
a) Parallel Shank (Short Series or "Jobbers") Twist drill: This type of drills is used for
fine work. It has two flutes and its diameter ranges from 02 to 16 mm. Rate of increase in

available diameter is 002 003mm in lower series and 025 mm in higher series.
b) Parallel Shank (Stub Series) Twist drill: Length of this type drills are small and used for
drilling shorter length. Helix angle of this type of drills are high. Its diameter ranges from 05

to 40 mm increasing 025 mm in lower series and 05 mm in higher series.

c) Parallel Shank (Long Series) Twist drill: Helix angle of this type of drill is comparatively
less and its diameter ranges from 15 to 16 mm. This type of drills is widely used in the
machine shop.

TYPES OF DRILL
3. Two-Lip Twist drill or Twist drill: This type of drills is produced by forging a straight fluted drill and
then twisting it. There after rough milling operation of the flute is done to make approximate size of the
drill and then heat treatment is carried out for hardening. Finally grinding of the drill is done for
accurate size and shape. Depending on the shape of the shank, twist drill can be classified as
Straight Shank or Parallel Shank Twist Drill and Taper Shank Twist Drill.
d) Taper Shank Twist drill: Diameter of this type of drill ranges from 3 to 100 mm. This type of drill is
directly fits into the taper provided at the drill machine spindle with suitable drill sleeve or drill socket if
required. This type of drills is available in different Morse Taper number as, Morse Taper 1, Morse
Taper 2, Morse Taper 6 etc.

TYPES OF DRILL
4. Taper Shank Core drill (3 or 4 fluted): This type of drill cannot originate a hole in solid materials but
used for enlarging purpose. The material is removed by the chamfered edge at the end of each flute.

Surface quality of this type of drill is batter with almost accurate size.

5. Oil Tube drill: This type of drill is used for producing deep holes. Inside the drill oil tube runs along
the length to carry oil directly at the cutting edges. Cutting fluid or compressed air is passes through
these tubes.

6. Centre drill: This is a two fluted straight shank twist drill

used to drill centers at the ends of a shaft, so that it can be held

between the centers of any machines.

DRILL SIZE
According to Metric System Diameter of Drill ranges from 02 to 100 mm in diameter.
According to British System Drills are designated by any one of the following three ways I. Number Size: In this system Drills are designated by a number ranging from 1 to
80. 80 be the smallest diameter equal to 00135 and that of 1 be the largest diameter
equal to 0228. The increase in diameter is nearly equal to 0002.
II. Letter Size: In this system Drills are designated by the letter of alphabet ranging
from A to Z. A be the smallest diameter and is equal to 0234 while Z is the largest
diameter and is equal to 0413. The rate of increment is 001.
III. Fraction System: This system is most commonly used. The diameter available in
this system ranges from 1/64 to 5. The rate of increment of diameter from 1/64 to 13/4

is 1/64 and then this increment also increases.

DRILL SIZE

According to Indian Standard system Drills are designated or specified by the

following parameters
I.

Type of the drill shank (With series if required)

II.

Diameter of the drill in mm.

III. I.S. Number (IS:599 means Standard Drills)

IV. Material of the Drill (like H.S.S.; CS; etc.)

V.

Job material (like NNormal Material, HHard Material, SSoft Material)

VI. Point Angle or Lip Angle of the Drill.

For example : Parallel Shank Twist Drill (Long) 2500 IS:599-HSS S

118 means the drill is of parallel shank long series twist drill type having diameter
25mm and made from HSS. It will be used for drilling soft material and the point
angle or lip angle of the drill is 118.

ELEMENTS OF TWIST DRILL

1. Flutes

2. Tang

3. Land

4. Body

5. Helix Angle or Rake Angle

6. Neck

7. Point Angle

8. Heel

9. Chisel Edge Angle

10. Lip Angle

11. Lip Clearance Angle

12. Face

13. Shank

14. Flank

MACHINING TIME
CUTTING SPEED: The cutting speed in drilling operation refers to the peripheral speed of a point on
the surface of the drill in contact with the work. It is generally expressed in m/min.
i.e. cutting speed

. Where D is the diameter of the drill in mm. and N is the rotational speed in rpm.
Cutting speed depends on
a. The kind of material being drilled. Softer the material higher will be the cutting speed.

b. Cutting tool material.

c. Quality of the surface finish required.
d. Efficient use of cutting fluid.
e. Method of holding the work.
f.

The size, type and rigidity of the machine.

MACHINING TIME
FEED: The feed of a drill is the distance through which the drill moved into the work at each revolution

of the machine spindle. It is generally expressed in mm. per revolution.

Where Sm= Feed per min.; Sr= Feed per revolution and N is the rpm.
The amount of feed depends on
a. Type of the material.
b. Rigidity of the job and machine.

c. Depth of the hole to be produced.

d. Type of finish required.
e. Power available.
f.

Range of feed (in case of automatic machines) available.

DEPTH OF CUT: In case of drilling operation depth of cut is always half of the drill diameter. i.e. D/2.

MACHINING TIME

L1 Thickness of the job.

L2 Approch of the drill (029D) mm.
L3 Over run of the drill (029D) mm.
L4 Allowance.

L = (L1+ L2+ L3+ L4) mm.

Machining time

min.

TYPES OF REAMER
Reamer is a multi-edge cutting tool used for finishing (smoothing, sizing and
shaping) a hole produced by drilling or boring or casting etc.

Reamers are broadly classified as

1. Hand Reamers:
The reamers which are held and
used by hands called as hand reamers.

2. Machine Reamers:
The reamers which are directly used

in machines called as machine

reamers.

TYPES OF REAMER
According to IS Specification Reamers are classified as follows:-

1. Chucking reamer with parallel or taper

shank
(i) Fluted reamer
(ii) Rose Reamer

4. Parallel hand reamer with parallel shank

5. Parallel or taper shank socket head reamer

6. Shell reamer

2. Machine bridge reamer

7. Taper pin hand reamer or Machine reamer

3. Machine jig reamer

8. Expansion reamer

TYPES OF REAMER
1. Chucking reamer with parallel or taper shank (Fluted) : This type of reamer has short virtually
parallel cutting edges, with bevel lead. There is a long recess between shank and cutting edges. The
shank may be straight or taper. Diameter of the straight shank reamer varies from 15 to 32 mm.
whereas for taper shank it varies from 5 to 32 varies from 15 to 32 mm. whereas for taper
shank it varies from 5 to 32 mm. It is usually used in drill press, turret lathe, screw cutting
machine etc. Material removal capacity of this type of reamer is comparatively less but
accurate size is produced. The cutting action takes place at the cutting edges.
Chucking Reamer (Rose Type): Here the cutting action takes place by beveled edges
(45angled). This is the basic difference between fluted reamer and rose reamer. The body
of this type of reamer is slightly tapered to avoid binding in the holes. Material removal
capacity of this type of reamer is comparatively high.

TYPES OF REAMER
2. Machine Bridge Reamer: This type of reamers are used with portable electric or pneumatic drilling
machines in ship buildings, structural works, plate works etc. The diameter of this type of reamer
varies from 64 to 37 mm. Its flutes may be straight or helical and has a taper shank to drive.

TYPES OF REAMER
3. Machine Jig Reamer: Diameter of such reamer varies from 7 to 50mm. It has a guide length
between cutting edges and shank. In the machine jig, this guide length fits accurately for accurate
orientation or location of the reamer. It has helical flutes and bevel lead cutting edges of shorter

length.

4. Parallel Hand Reamer with Parallel Shank: The shank of this type of reamer is straight and has a
square shape tang for hand operation. Diameter of the shank is equal to the nominal diameter of the
reamer. The teeth may be straight or helical with bevel lead. The cutting edges has slight taper at the
end for easy starting of operation. Material removal capacity of this type of reamer is small and is
limited to 0005 to 0125 mm.

TYPES OF REAMER
5. Socket Head Reamer (for Morse Taper): This type of reamer has taper cutting edges to suit
Morse Taper. The flute may be straight or helical. The shank of the reamer may be straight or taper. It
can be operated by either hand or machine.

6. Shell Reamer: Large size holes are machined by shell reamers. It has a through axial hole to fit an
arbor or mandrel. Different sizes of shell reamers can fit on a single arbor. Diameter of shell reamer
varies from 34 to 100 mm.

TYPES OF REAMER
7. Taper Pin Reamer: This type of reamer is either hand driven or machine driven. The cutting edges
are tapered in 1 in 50, so that it can machine holes for taper pin.

8. Expansion Reamer: The fig. shows an expansion type reamer. Its nominal diameter can be
adjusted by loosing or tightening the taper plug nut. For this different size of holes (Within limit) can be
finished by this type of reamer. Also the wear of the cutting edges can be adjusted accordingly.

CHART OF CUTTING SPEED IN DRILLING MACHINE (m/min.)

MATERIAL

HSS DRILL BIT

CS DRILL BIT

Soft Cast Iron

30 - 45

12 - 23

Medium Cast Iron

21 - 30

9 15

Malleable Iron

24 - 27

9 14

Mild Steel

24 - 45

9 17

Stainless Steel

18 - 21

75 105

Aluminium and alloys

60 - 90

24 45

Brass and Bronze

60 - 90

24 - 45

Copper

18 - 30

75 - 15

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