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Winter 2006
Pavement Design
CEE 320
Steve Muench
Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pavement Purpose
Pavement Significance
Pavement Condition
Pavement Types
a. Flexible
b. Rigid
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5. Pavement Design
6. Example
Pavement Purpose
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Load support
Smoothness
Drainage
Pavement Significance
How much pavement?
Costs
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Pavement Condition
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Pavement Condition
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Pavement Condition
From WSDOT
I 90 fat driver syndrome
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Pavement Condition
Pavement Condition
Defined by users (drivers)
Develop methods to relate physical
attributes to driver ratings
Result is usually a numerical scale
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C = total linear feet of Class 3 and Class 4 cracks per 1000 ft 2 of pavement area.
A Class 3 crack is defined as opened or spalled (at the surface) to a width of
0.25 in. or more over a distance equal to at least one-half the crack length.
A Class 4 is defined as any crack which has been sealed.
P = expressed in terms of ft2 per 1000 ft2 of pavement surfacing.
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Serviceability (PSI)
p0
p0 - pt
pt
Time
Design Parameters
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Subgrade
Loads
Environment
Subgrade
Characterized by strength
and/or stiffness
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
Measures shearing resistance
Units: percent
Typical values: 0 to 20
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Subgrade
Some Typical Values
Classification
Good
Fair
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Poor
CBR
10
59
35
MR (psi)
Typical Description
20,000
10,000
5,000
Loads
Load characterization
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Tire loads
Axle and tire configurations
Load repetition
Traffic distribution
Vehicle speed
Load Quantification
Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)
Converts wheel loads of various magnitudes and repetitions
("mixed traffic") to an equivalent number of "standard" or
"equivalent" loads
Based on the amount of damage they do to the pavement
Commonly used standard load is the 18,000 lb. equivalent
single axle load
Load Equivalency
Generalized fourth power approximation
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load
18,000 lb.
Typical LEFs
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LEF Example
The standard axle weights for a standing-room-only loaded Metro
articulated bus (60 ft. Flyer) are:
Axle
Steering
Middle
Rear
Empty
13,000 lb.
15,000 lb.
9,000 lb.
Full
17,000 lb.
20,000 lb.
14,000 lb.
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Environment
Temperature extremes
Frost action
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Frost heave
Thaw weakening
Pavement Types
Flexible Pavement
Hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements
Called "flexible" since the total pavement structure
bends (or flexes) to accommodate traffic loads
About 82.2% of paved U.S. roads use flexible pavement
About 95.7% of paved U.S. roads are surfaced with HMA
Rigid Pavement
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Flexible Pavement
Structure
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Surface course
Base course
Subbase course
Subgrade
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Dense-graded
Open-graded
Gap-graded
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Rigid Pavement
Structure
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Surface course
Base course
Subbase course
Subgrade
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Slipform
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Fixed form
Pavement Design
Several typical methods
Design catalog
Empirical
1993 AASHTO method
Mechanistic-empirical
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Design Catalog
Empirical
1993 AASHTO Flexible Equation
PSI
4.5 1.5
log10
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PSI
log10
1
8.46
D 1
Sc Cd D
0.75
1.132
18.42
0.75
215.63 J D
0.25
Ec
Terms Flexible
W18 (loading)
Predicted number of ESALs over the pavements life.
SN (structural number)
Abstract number expressing structural strength
SN = a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3 +
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Terms Rigid
D (slab depth)
Abstract number expressing structural strength
SN = a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3 +
Cd (drainage coefficient)
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Terms Rigid
J (load transfer coefficient)
Accounts for load transfer efficiency
Lower J-factors = better load transfer
Between 3.8 (undoweled JPCP) and 2.3 (CRCP with tied
shoulders)
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Reliability
Reliability = P [Y > X]
P Y X
Probability
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f x f y dy dx
Stress/Strength
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Design Utilities
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Data
18,674 vehicles
971 vehicles
1,176 vehicles
280 vehicles
WSDOT Assumptions
0.40 ESALs/truck
1.00 ESALs/truck
1.75 ESALs/truck
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P 1 i 1
Total
i
n
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Primary References
Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005).
Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third
Edition. Chapter 4
Muench, S.T.; Mahoney, J.P. and Pierce, L.M. (2003) The
WSDOT Pavement Guide Interactive. WSDOT, Olympia, WA.
http://guides.ce.washington.edu/uw/wsdot
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