Van der Waals Forces

Johannes Diderik van der Waals

Polarity
Separation of charge
An asymmetrical difference in electronegativity
along a bond or in a molecule

Circle the polar molecules.

Label + and Cl

O C

Al

N
H

Cl

C
Cl

Cl
O

Cl

Cl
H

Cl

Non-Polar molecules are symmetrical

C. __________
o
104.5
D. What is the bond angle in H2O? _______
E. The motion of particles in these phases:
Solid
Liquid
Gas

http://itl.chem.ufl.edu/2045_s00/lectures/FG11_001.GIF

Van der Waals Forces

Small, weak interactions between molecules

Van der Waals Forces

Intermolecular: between molecules (not a bond)
Intramolecular: bonds within molecules (stronger)

What is being attracted?

+ attracted to electrostatic attraction
e- s of one atom to another atoms nucleus
e+

e-

Evidence of VDW Forces?

Non-polar molecules can form gases,
liquids and solids.
Ex: CO2

O
O
O
C
C
C
O
O
O

O C

O C O
O C O

O C O
OO CC OO

O
O O
C C
O O

3 Types of Van der Waals Forces

1) dipole-dipole
2) dipole-induced dipole
3) dispersion

Dipole-Dipole
Two polar molecules align so that + and are matched (electrostatic attraction)
Ex: ethane (C2H6) vs. fluromethane (CH3F)

Fluoromethane (CH3F) boiling point = 194.7 K

polar or non-polar?
H
H

H
F

Dipole-Dipole

Ethane (C2H6) boiling point = 184.5 K

polar or non-polar?
H

NOT Dipole-Dipole

Try This:
Draw two KBr molecules and draw their
dipole-dipole interactions with a
dashed line.

K Br

K Br

What does to induce mean?

To cause or bring about
Ex:
Induced vomiting
Induced labor
Induced coma

Dipole-Induced Dipole
A dipole can induce (cause)
a temporary dipole to form in a
non-polar molecule
The molecules then line up
to match + and - charges

Example
+ H

Cl

A DIPOLE
(its polar)

- e - e- e e e - e- - - e e
e e e

ee
e e- e- e- e-

Ar

INDUCED
non-polar
DIPOLE

Dipole Induced Dipole

(weak and short-lived)

Draw CO2 (aq)

What does (aq) mean?
dissolved in WATER
Sodraw CO2 (g) in H2O (l)

O C

Where is CO2 (aq) seen?

Carbonated water
CO2 is not very soluble
1 CO2 in 1000 H2O molecules

http://www.packaging-technology.com/contractor_images/venus/4_rinser.jpg

Dispersion Forces
A temporary dipole forms in a
non-polar molecule
which leads to
a temporary dipole to form in ANOTHER
non-polar molecule
Dispersion is the ONLY intermolecular attraction
that occurs between non-polar molecules

Dispersion Forces
- e- e e- e
e
e

-
ee
e
e
- e
- ee e- e- e- e
-

Cl-Cl

TEMPORARY
non-polar
DIPOLE

- e - e- e e e - e- - - e e
e e
e
e
e e - - e- ee e
-

Cl-Cl

INDUCED
non-polar
DIPOLE

Dispersion
(weakest and very short-lived)

Tokay Gecko:
Dispersion
Forces!

Review
Dipole Dipole
between two polar molecules
Dipole Induced Dipole
b/w a polar & a non-polar molecule
Dispersion
between two non-polar molecules

Hydrogen Bonding
STRONGEST Intermolecular Force!!
A special type of dipole-dipole attraction
Bonds form due to the polarity of water
Draw 3 H2O molecules in your notes

Ice

Liquid

Hydrogen Bonding cont

Hydrogen bonds keep water in the liquid
phase over a wider range of
temperatures than is found for any
other molecule of its size

Hydrogen bonds
account for the
high boiling point
of water

Expansion of Ice
Ice expands when water freezes compared to
most substances that contract when freezing
Ice bomb video

Denisty vs Temperature of H2O

4 oCmax density of water liquid!

Solid
Ice

Liquid
water

Hexagonal Ice
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/imgche/waterhex.gif

http://www.gala-instrumente.de/images/44%20hexagonal%20ice.jpg

Halos, Sundogs, & Pillars are

caused by hexagonal ice crystals

http://images.usatoday.com/tech/_photos/2006/09/12/cloud.jpg

http://www.lummox.net/celestial/pics/ak1999-sundog.jpg

Ponds Freezing
Solid water (ice) has a lower
density than liquid water

Why is this good?

Ponds freeze from the top down,
insulating the water below and keeping
it from freezing solid
Without this, ponds would freeze solid
and thaw more slowly

Surface Tension
Enhancement of the intermolecular
attractive forces at the surface

Evidence
Lab:
Dixie cup
Penny
Capillary tube
needle

What causes surface tension?

The cohesive forces between
molecules are shared with all
neighboring atoms.
Since the surface has no
neighboring atoms above, they
exhibit stronger attractive forces
for their neighbors next to and
below them

Surface tension is a result of

cohesive intermolecular forces

How many drops can you get

on a penny?
Water?
TTE?

http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/wc/water/1/images/penny.jpg

Why is there a difference???

Water has strong Hydrogen Bonds and TTE has
weaker intermolecular forces

How is surface tension

affected by soap?
Breaks the surface tension!

http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/Water/SoapDisruptsWater.jpg

http://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/2500/micelle.jpg

Capillary Rise
glass

gravity

H2O

Hg

Water rises up the capillary tube because

there are unbalanced forces between the
water and glass and the water and gravity

Which is larger?
Adhesion or Cohesion?
Adhesion: attraction between H2O (Hg) & glass
Cohesion: attraction of H2O (Hg) molec. to each other

Adhesion > Cohesion

Cohesion > Adhesion

Do other liquids exhibit

capillary rise?
As long as they are attracted to glass and
have enough cohesion

IM forces and interactions between liquids and surfaces

Cohesion > Adhesion

Liquid Beads
on Surface

Cohesion < Adhesion

Liquid Wets
the Surface

Evaporation
Diagram the distribution of kinetic energy at
a temperature
o
o
o
25 C 75 C

# particles

5C

low KE

ave KE

high KE

Which molecules will evaporate?

Only high energy
molecules can
vaporize

# particles

This lowers the

total kinetic energy
(temperature) of
the entire system

low KE

ave KE

high KE

Boiling

P atm

P atm
Pvap

Pvap

P atm
Pvap
t = 5 min
BOILING!

t = 0 min

Pvap = Patm
t = 1 min

Boiling
Boiling occurs when
Vapor Pressure = Barometric Pressure
When Vapor Pressure = 760 mmHg,
Boiling Point = 100oC

Evaporation Questions
1. Why do we sweat?
breaking waters bonds has a cooling effect
high energy molecules are lost

2. Why does water stay

cool in clay containers?
Since clay is porous, high energy
molecules escape leaving
lower temperature water
Refrigeration for the other 90%

When the water added to

the sand evaporates in the
Pot-in-Pot Cooler, it pulls
heat from the smaller pot,
keeping vegetables cool.
http://www.juneauempire.com/images/050406/13484_500.jpg

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11032381&sc=emaf

3. Why can liquid water change

to vapor at room temperature?

# particles

High energy molecules escape

Evaporation occurs at all temperatures

low KE

ave KE

high KE

4. Define vapor pressure

Force of particles leaving a liquid
Pressure of molecules in their bubbles
Can solids have a vapor pressure?
Yes! Solid Gas
Ex: ice, dry ice, plastics

5. What is the difference between

evaporation and boiling?
Evaporation: occurs at any temperature;
high energy molecules escape
Boiling: occurs when atmospheric
pressure = vapor pressure

Volatile Substances
Easily evaporate
Weak attractive forces
Low boiling point
High vapor pressure

Non-volatile substances
Do not easily evaporate
Strong attractive forces
High boiling point
Low vapor pressure

Equilibrium
A

Forward Reaction
Reverse Reaction
Rate of forward reaction =
Rate of reverse reaction

Dynamic Equilibrium
Acetone (l)

Acetone (g)

Reaction looks like it has stopped,

but is dynamic at the molecular level

What conditions are

necessary for equilibrium?
1. Closed System
2. Rate of fwd rxn = rate of rev rxn
3. Constant temp, pressure, color
4. Both reactants and products are present
(but not necessarily equal)

Henri Louis Le Chatlier

(1850-1936)
Inventor of acetylene torch
Professor of Industrial
Chemistry and Metallurgy
Instrumental in the
development of cement
and Plaster of Paris

LeChatliers Principle
When a stress is applied
to a system at equilibrium,
the system will respond
to partially undo the stress
Add Reactant, Add Product, Remove
Reactant, Remove Product, Add Heat,
Increase Pressure,

pur
soed
duc
ed

Haber process
N2 + 3 H2

Add
energy

upsr
eodd
uc
ed

Predicting adjustments

2 NH3 + energy

System wants? Shift?

Use energy

Amount of
N2 and H2?

Amount
of NH3?

Remove System wants? Shift?

NH3
Produce NH3

Amount of
N2 and H2?

Amount
of NH3?

pr use
od d
uc
ed

us
epdr
od
uc
ed

2 H+ + 2 CrO42-

Cr2O72- + H2O

Add HCl
(Add H+)

System wants? Shift?

Use H+

Color?
ORANGE

Add NaOH

System wants? Shift?

Produce H+

Color?
YELLOW

(Use H+)

H+
+
H
Na+

H+

2 H+ + 2 CrO42-

x x xx x x
x x xox xx
x x x xx xxxx
oxxxx
xxxx

Add H+

Add OH-

Cr2O72- + H2O

ox o oo o
o o ooo o
o o x o oo oo
oo o ooo
oo

X = CrO4-2
O = Cr2O7-2

d
e
c
ud
d
e
o
pr us

2 NO2
Add Heat System
wants?
Use Heat
Remove
Heat

d
e
c
u
d
e
us rod
p

N2O4 + energy
Shift?

Color?

DARKER

System
Shift?
wants?
Produce Heat

Color?

Increase System
Shift?
Pressure wants?
Decrease Pr.

Color?

LIGHTER

LIGHTER

u
d
o
prsed
u

d
e
c

H2O (l) + energy

H2O (g)

d d
e
e
us
c
u
d
o
pr

Add Heat

System wants? Shift?

Use Heat

Observation?
Evaporation

Remove
Heat

System wants? Shift?

Produce Heat

Observation?
Condensation

Decrease
Pressure

System wants? Shift?

Increase Pr.

Observation?
Evaporation

Increase
Pressure

System wants? Shift?

Decrease Pr.

Observation?
Condensation

How Do Pressure Cookers Work?

http://www.goalfinder.com/images/SPGPRO2/pressur-design-of-pressure-cooker.jpg

Pressure cookers
increase the
pressure above the
water so that water
HIGHER
boils at a ________
temperature and
cooks food
QUICKER
________

Lab Practice Problem

NaCl

Cl- Cl Na+ ClCl-Cl-Cl- Cl- Na+ +

- Na
Na+
Cl
Na+
NaCl NaCl NaCl
NaClNaClNaCl

Na+ + Cla)
direction
would
b) Which
What would
happen
to the
the
reaction
shift
if MgCl
(Mg2+ and Cl-)
amount of
NaCl
if Cl-2were
were
added
to the
the system?
system above?
removed
from
Explain.

Phase Changes

Temperature (oC)

105

KE
PE

100
KE
PE

0
KE
-5
Time

Where is there a KE?

Where is there a PE?

Terms
Melting Point
Temp when substances changes from l s
Boiling point
Temp when substance changes from l g
KE
where there is a change in temperature
PE
where theres a phase change
(constant temp)

Calculations
1. Calculate the amount of heat needed
to raise the temperature of 100 ml of
water from 15oC to 65oC.
Q = mcT
Q = (100g)(1 cal/goC)(50oC)
Q = 5000 cal

3. Calculate the amount of heat needed

to melt 100 g of ice.
REMEMBER: Heat of Fusion = 80 cal/g
80 cal
1g

x cal
100 g

x = 8000 cal

2. Calculate the amount of heat needed

to boil 100 ml of water.
HEAT OF VAPORIZATION = 540 cal/g
540 cal
1g

x cal
100 g

x = 54,000 cal