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Series
Compensatio
Douglas Bowman, P.E.
n
Research, Development,
and Special Studies
Date: May 20-21, 2014
Contents
1. Series Compensation
2. Series Compensation Types
3. Subsynchronous Interactions (SSI) - Terms
4. Fundamentals of SSI and Series Compensation
5. Forms of SSI
6. SSI and Series Compensation
7. Tools for Assessment of SSI in Series Compensated Networks
8. SSI Mitigation Measures
9. SSI Protection Measures
10.Protective Relay Considerations for Series Compensated
Networks
11.Protective Relay Solutions for Series Compensated Networks
12.Project Planning for Implementation
13.Design Studies
14.Concluding Remarks
Series Compensation
1. Increases power transfer
capability
2. Improves transient
performance
3. Improves reactive power
balance
4. Improves Voltage Stability
5. Improves power flow
balance on adjacent lines
6. Deferral of major transmission
investments
7. Preservation of existing rights of way
Benefits of Series
Series Compensation
Since transmission
lines are mostly
inductive, adding
series capacitance
decreases its total
reactance
Reducing XL
increases PR
Compensation
Level K is defined as the percent of XLoffset by
the series capacitor
Example: For XL = 1 ohm, 30% compensation produces XL - XC =
.7 ohm
Series Compensation
If A1 > A2, the
generator will return to
stability
Series compensation
increases the system
stability limits by
reducing the system
reactance between
machines as this
directly increases the
synchronizing torque
that can be
interchanged between
Improves Transient Performance
them
Following Disturbances
5
Series Compensation
Transmission Line
Reactive Power Losses :
Qlosses=I2Xline
Series Capacitor
Reactive Power Output:
Qoutput=I2Xcapacitor
As a transfer across the
line increases, Qoutput
partially offset Qlosses
Series Compensation
Increasing
compensation levels K
provides greater Qoutput
capability
Maximum power
transfer capability of
the line is increased
Generator reactive
power is made available
for voltage control
Bypass Breaker
Damping Reactor
Two Modules
FACTS Device
Subsynchronous Interactions
(SSI)
Terms
A generators shaft
may also have
multiple natural
frequencies of
oscillation
Four natural
frequencies or
torsional modes
for the system
11
Forms of SSI
*
12
13
14
D. Baker, G. Boukarim, Subsynchronous Resonance Studies and Mitigation Methods for Series Capacitor Applications, IEEE
2005.
D. Walker, D. Hodges, Results of Subsynchronous Resonance Test At Mohave, IEEE 1975.
Eigenvalue Analysis
generator from 0 to 60 hz
Can identify potential IGE, SSR-TI, SSR-TA, and
SSCI problems
System model linearized, small pertubations
examined
Identifies torsional mode damping
characteristics
Used to study SSR-TI and SSCI problems
16
Operational Procedure
Shunt or Series
STATCOM or SVC
FACTS Active Series Filter Damping
Thyristor Controlled
Series Compensation (TCSC)
17
18
Relay
Torsional
Motion
(Stress) Relay
Shaft Speed
S. California
Edison patent
Terminal
voltage
ABB Research
Ltd. patent
Generator
Terminal
voltage
ERLPhase
Power
Technologies
Generator
Terminal
voltage and
currents
19
nearby fault
Measured Impedance of Distance
Protection when series
compensation switched in and out
Subsynchronous Transient Signal
Impacts on apparent impedance
Adjacent Line Impacts
Unbalanced Line and Mutual
Impedance Impacts
Automatic Reclosing for Series
Compensated Transmission Lines
20
Protection Schemes
Memory Polarization
Special Series Compensation Logic
Sequence Component Impedance for
Directional Discrimination
Line Current Differential Protection
Directional Comparison Protection
21
22
Design Studies
23
Concluding Remarks
24