METABOLISM OF

CARBOHYDRATE

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION

AMYLUM digestion by amylase enzyme

Disaccharides digestion

 Glucose

is the most important carbohydrate

Glucose

is the major metabolic fuel of mammals,

except ruminants

Monosaccharide

from diet :

- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Fructose

and Galactose

glucose at the liver

Galactose Metabolism

Fructose Metabolism

 Blood

glucose
carbohydrate metabolism
exist are :
1. Glycolisis
2. Glycogenesis
3. HMP Shunt
4. Oxidation of Pyruvate
5. Krebs Cycle
6. Change to lipids
Fasting
blood glucose
carbohydrate
metabolism :
1. Glycogenolisis
2. Gluconeogenesis

GLYCOLISIS
Glycolisis

oxidation of glucose
energy
It can function either aerobically or anaerobically
pyruvate
Occurs in the cytosol of all cell
AEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS :
Pyruvate
Mitochondria
Asetil CoA
Krebs Cycle

lactate

oxidized to

CO2 + H2O + ATP

Glycolisis

 Most

of the reaction of glycolysis are

reversible, except of three reaction :

1. Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate,
catalyzed by Hexokinase / Glucokinase
Hexokinase

- Inhibited allosterically by its product

glucose-6-p
- Has a high affinity for its substrate

glucose

- available at all cell, except liver and islet cell

 Glucokinase

:
- available at liver and islet cell
- in the liver
to remove glucose from the
blood after meal
2. Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-biP
- catalyzed by Phosphofructokinase enzyme
- Irreversible
- Rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis
3. Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enol Pyruvate
- Catalyzed by Pyruvate kinase enzyme
Oxidation of 1 mol glucose
8 mol ATP and
2 mol Pyruvate

 ANAEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS

- The reoxidation of NADH through the

respiratory chain to oxygen is prevented
- Pyruvate is reduced by the NADH to lactate,
by Lactate dehidrogenase enzyme
Lactate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate

+ NADH + H+

Lactate + NAD+

- Oxidation 1 mol glucose via anaerobically

glycolysis
2 mol ATP

 ANAEROBICALLY GLYCOLYSIS

Respiratory chain is absence

Reoxidation of NADH
chain is inhibited

NAD+ via Respiratory

Reoxidation of NADH via lactate formation

allows glycolysis to proceed in the absence of
oxygen by regenerating sufficient NAD+

GLYCOLYSIS IN ERYTHROCYTE

Erythrocyte lack mitochondria

respiratory
chain and Krebs cycle are absence

Always terminates in lactate

In mammals
the reaction catalyzed by
phosphoglycerate kinase may be bypassed by a
process that catalyzed Biphosphoglycerate mutase

Its does serve to provide 2,3-biphosphoglycerate

bind to hemoglobin
decreasing its affinity for
oxygen
oxygen readily available to tissues

GLYCOLYSIS IN ERYTHROCYTE

OXIDATION OF PYRUVATE
Occur

in mitochondria

Oxidation

of 1 mol Pyruvate
CoA + 3 mol ATP

CH3COCOOH + HSCoA + NAD+

(Pyruvate)

Catalyzed
This
In

1 mol Asetyl-

CH3CO-SCoA + NADH

(Asetyl-CoA)

by Pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme

enzyme need CoA as coenzyme

Thiamin deficiency, oxydation of pyruvate is

impaired
lactic and pyruvic acid

OXIDATION OF PYRUVATE

GLYCOGENESIS
Synthesis

of Glycogen from glucose

Occurs mainly in muscle and liver cell
The reaction :
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Hexokinase / Glucokinase

Glucose-6-P

Glucose-1-P

Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose-1-P

+ UTP

UDPG + Pyrophosphate

UDPG Pyrophosphorylase

GLYCOGENESIS
Glycogen

synthase catalyzes the formation of 1,4-glucosidic linkage in glycogen

Branching

enzyme catalyzes the formation of 1,6-glucosidic linkage in glycogen

Finally

the branches grow by further

additions of 1 4-gucosyl units and further
branching (like tree!)

SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN

SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOGEN

GLYCOGENESIS AND GLYCOGENOLYSIS PATHWAY

Glycogenesis

Glycogenolysis

GLYCOGENOLYSIS
The

breakdown of glycogen

Glycogen

phosphorilase catalyzes cleavage of

the 14 linkages of glycogen to yield glucose-1phosphate

(14)(14)

glucan transferase transfer a

trisaccharides unit from one branch to the other

Debranching

enzyme hydrolysis of the 16

linkages
The

combined action of these enzyme leads to

the complete breakdown of glycogen.

GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucose-1-P

Glucose-6-P

Glucose-6-phosphatase
Glucose-6-P

Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme
a spesific
enzyme in liver and kidney, but not in muscle
Glycogenolysis in liver yielding glucose
export to blood
to increase the blood glucose concentration
In muscle
glucose-6-P
glycolysis

GLUCONEOGENESIS
Pathways

that responsible for converting

noncarbohydrate precursors to glucose or
glycogen

In

mammals

Major

occurs in liver and kidney

substrate :

1. Lactic acid
2. Glycerol

from muscle, erythrocyte

from TG hydrolysis

3.Glucogenic amino acid

4. Propionic acid

in ruminant

 Gluconeogenesis

meets the needs of the body

for glucose when carbohydrate is not available
from the diet or from glycogenolysis

A supply

of glucose is necessary especially for

nervous system and erythrocytes.

The

enzymes :

1. Pyruvate carboxylase
2. Phosphoenolpyruvate karboxikinase
3. Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase
4. Glucose-6-phosphatase

GLUCONEOGENESIS

GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM AMINO ACID

GLUCONEOGENESIS FROM PROPIONIC ACID