By:

PBB1 2013

Asst. Prof. Carmelita C. Cardona

Blood Banking Professor

PART I

EARLY HISTORY
Huang Di Nei Ching

EARLY HISTORY
Egyptians and Romans

blood baths for

physical and
spiritual
restoration
drank blood of
fallen gladiators
in the belief that
the blood could
transmit vitality

EARLY HISTORY
Blood letting is depicted
on an ancient Greek vase

Ancient Greeks
Considered one of
medicines oldest
practices, blood letting
is thought to have
originated in Ancient
Egypt. It then spread
to Greece.

EARLY HISTORY
400 BC

Hippocrates, Greek
physician, postulates
that the body is
comprised of four
humors blood,
phlegm, black bile,
and yellow bile
and their imbalance
causes disease.

Hippocrates

EARLY HISTORY
Aristotle

350 BC

Aristotle, Greek
philosopher, believes that
the heart is the central
organ of the body.
Following dissections of
many different animals
Aristotle presumes the
heart is a three-chambered
organ, even in humans

EARLY HISTORY
162 AD
Galen (Claudius Galenus),
Greek physician, describes
the anatomy of the human
body and includes a reference
to bright and dark blood
from separate channels in the
body which interconnect.
Also mentions the liver as
the origin of blood and the
kidneys as a filter. Although
incorrect in many details, his
descriptions formed the basis
for all blood circulation
studies for centuries

Claudius Galenus

EARLY HISTORY
Pope Innocent VIII

1492
Earliest recorded
transfusion: As a
remedy for an
apoplectic stroke
suffered by Pope
Innocent VIII, his
physician advised a
blood transfusion. The
blood of 3 young boys
was, by crude
methods, transferred
to the Pope. Donors
and patient later all
died.

EARLY HISTORY
Bloodletting in the 1860s

18th century
In the 18th century,
blood letting was the
most popular form of
treatment of a vast
number of ailments.

EARLY HISTORY
1616
William Harvey,
English physician,
discovered the blood
circulation
ERA of real blood
transfusion.

William Harvey

EARLY HISTORY
1665

first

successful
animal to
animal blood
transfusion
dog to dog

Richard Lower

EARLY HISTORY
1667

first animal to human blood

transfusion
his patient is Antoine
Mauroy a 34-year old
madman
used calf's blood
chose animal blood
becauase he belived that it
is purer than
that of
human's
Mauroy survived three
transfusions but died with
poison by his wife

Jean-Baptiste Denis

EARLY HISTORY

Early transfusions were so

novel and risky as it was done

with animals, in this picture
with a dog.
History was made by French
physician Jean-Baptiste Denis
and surgeon Paul Emmerez in
June 15, 1667, when blood
was transfused between a
young, weakened by
continuous blood letting and a
lamb.
It was a success, but not the
subsequent experiments that
followed.

A MINI GALLERY OF

EARLY HISTORY
A Surgeons Blood letting set

18th Century Blood Lancets

Blood letting instruments

Bleeding bowl

Bleeding bowl with

gradations to measure
the amount of blood.
Made by John Foster of
London after 1740

Blood letting instruments

The interior of a Scarificator

Scarificator

Blood letting instruments

Scarification without
cupping in Egypt in
the 16th Century.
To obtain sufficient
blood, 20-40 gashes
were made in the legs
of the patient and
was made to stand in
a basin of warm water.

Blood letting instruments

Weisss Improved Cupping
device

Glass Cupping Cups

Blood letting instruments

Cupping

in
the bath,
16th century.

Blood letting instruments

Leech Jars

Foxs Glass leech

THE FIRST HUMAN-HUMAN

TRANSFUSION
Emil Ponfick and Leonard
Landois

1800

discovered the
significance
progress in
understanding
the basis for the
incompatibility
between species

THE FIRST HUMAN-HUMAN

TRANSFUSION
John Henry Leacock

1816
performed and
published a set of
animal experiments
that proved that the
donor and recipient
must be of the same
species

THE FIRST HUMAN-HUMAN

TRANSFUSION
James Blundell

1818

first successful human

to human blood
transfusion
from a woman dying
of postpartum
hemorrhage with the
blood of her husband

BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Braxton Hicks

1869

Obstetrician
Experimented with
phosphate of soda
First attempted approach
to anticoagulation
He tried it in four of his
patients, unfortunately
none of them survived.
He recommended Na3PO4

BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Albert Hustin

1914

Reported the first

human human
transfusion using
citrated blood.

BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Richard Lewisohn

1915
Proved that Sodium
Citrate was effective
as an anticoagulant,
at a certain
percentage (0.2%)
It was not toxic to
humans even if 2500
mL of it was
transfused.

BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Thomas Rous and
Catherine Turner

1916

Addition of dextrose to
citrate would preserve
blood up to 2 weeks.
It needed a large amount
of preservative solution
and was difficult to
prepare.
This remained as the only
anticoagulant used until
World War II.

BLOOD COAGULATION,
PRESERVATION AND STORAGE

Acid Citrate Dextrose

Developed by John
Freedman Loutit and
Patrick Loudon Mollison
(1943)
Blood can be stored up
to 3 weeks
Could be autoclaved
Easy to prepare
Require small volume
volume of preservative

solution

1950
Smith showed glycerol could be
used for
extending the life span of red cells
to 10
years

1957
Gibson introduced the CPD and
eventually replaced ACD as the
standard preservative for blood
storage.

DISCOVERY OF ABO BLOOD

GROUPS
1901

discovered ABO
blood groups
Austrian
Immunologist
identification of
three blood groups,
A, B, O

Karl Landsteiner

DISCOVERY OF ABO BLOOD

GROUPS
Alfred Decastello and
Adriano Sturli

1902

discovered

the
fourth blood
group, AB.
former students of
Landsteiner

DISCOVERY OF ABO BLOOD

GROUPS
Ludvig Hektoen

advocated
selecting donors by
blood group and
crossmatching

DISCOVERY OF ABO BLOOD

GROUPS
1913
demonstrated the
importance of
compatibility testing
in his report of 128
cases of transfusion

Reuben Ottenberg

DISCOVERY OF ABO BLOOD

GROUPS
Felix Bernstein

1942

proved

the
inheritance
pattern of
blood
groups

DISCOVERY OF THE RH BLOOD

GROUPS
Philip Levine

1939

discovered rhesus
Rh blood type
from his case
report of posttransfusion
hemolysis in a
group O patient
who received
blood from her
blood group O
husband

DISCOVERY OF THE RH BLOOD

GROUPS
Ronald Fisher

1944

developed Rh
immune glogulin
(RhIg) for the
prevention of
hemolytic disease
of the newborn

DISCOVERY OF THE RH BLOOD

GROUPS
Robin Coombs, Arthur
Mourant, and Rob Race

1945
Coombs, Mourant and
Race, English
veterinary surgeon
and physicians,
described the use of
antihuman globulin
(the Coombs Test) to
identify incomplete

antibodies.

James Blundell impellor

It has a double-walled funnel which the

outer compartment was filled with warm

water

 Gesellius

used
an equally
complex
device.
The donor was
lanced
multiple times
and had his
capillary blood
extracted.

 Gesellius

used
an equally
complex
device.
The donor was
lanced
multiple times
and had his
capillary blood
extracted.

INSTRUMENTATION
James Aveling

Simpler method for

direct blood transfusion
They used 2 silver
cannulas and inserted
one each to the
recipient and donor,
with a rubber tubing
with a compressible
bulb in the middle to
sustain the flow

Blood Transfusion at the Bellevue

Hospital
Medical and nursing staff administering transfusion,
Bellevue Hospital, 1876. Note that the Bellevue staff has placed both
needles in the wrong orientation.

DEVICES FOR BLOOD Transfusion

1. Edward Lindemann was first to successfully
carry out vein to vein transfusion of blood by
using multiple syringes and a special
cannula for puncturing the vein through the
skin

2, Unger designed a syringe valve apparatus

transfusion of blood from donor to patient is
possible w/o the assistance of a physician

BLOOD BANKS
Ostwald Robertson- proposed use of blood
type O to soldiers
Dr. Charles Drew- African american surgeon
appointed as first director of the American
Red Cross Blood Bank.

INSTRUMENTATION
James Aveling

Simpler method for

direct blood transfusion
They used 2 silver
cannulas and inserted
one each to the
recipient and donor,
with a rubber tubing
with a compressible
bulb in the middle to
sustain the flow

BLOOD BANKS
Ostwald Robertson- proposed use of blood
type O to soldiers
Dr. Charles Drew- African american surgeon
appointed as first director of the American
Red Cross Blood Bank.