Governance

1. manner of government: the system or

manner of government;
2. state of governing a place: the act or
state of governing a place;
3. authority: control or authority

ADMINISTRATION

It means the management of the

affairs of a business, organization, or
institution.

GOVERNMENT
Forms of Government:
The principal forms are the
following:
1.As to number of persons
exercising sovereign powers;

2. As to extent of powers
exercised by the central or
national government;
3. As to relationship between the
executive and the legislative
branches of the government;
4. As to source of power or
authority:

1. As to number of persons
exercising sovereign powers:
A. Government by one
A1) Monarchy or one in which
the supreme and final authority

is in the hands of a single

person without regard to the
source of his election or the
nature or duration of his tenure.
Monarchies are further
classified into:

Monarchy, form of government

in which one person has the
hereditary right to rule as head
of state during his or her
lifetime; the term is also applied
to the state so governed.

Monarchs include such rulers as

kings and queens, emperors and
empresses, tsars, and kaisers.
Two types of Monarchical
government:
1. Absolute Monarchy or one in
which the ruler rules by divine
right; and

2. Limited monarchy or one in

which the ruler rules in
accordance with a constitution.
The power of the monarch
varies from absolute to very
limited; the latter is exemplified
in modern-day constitutional
monarchies.

A2 Authoritarian or one in which

the supreme power of the
dictator whose power is usually
through force.
1. strict and demanding
obedience: favoring strict rules
and established authority;

2. demanding political
obedience: belonging to or
believing in a political system in
which obedience to the ruling
person or group is strongly
enforced.

B. Government by few
B1 Aristocracy or one in which
political power is exercised by few
privileged class.
1. people of highest social class:
people of noble families or the
highest social class

2. superior group: a group

believed to be superior to all
others of the same kind
3. government by elite:
government of a country by a
small group of people,
especially a hereditary nobility
4. state run by elite: a state
governed by an aristocracy.

B2 Oligarchy
1. small governing group: a
small group of people who
together govern a nation or
control an organization, often for
their own purposes;

2. entity ruled by oligarchy: a

nation governed or an
organization controlled by an
oligarchy;
3. government by small group:
government or control by a
small group of people.

Sources of their power:

1.By birth2. By wealth3. By wisdom
In an aristocracy, although the
power of government is wielded by
a few, theoretically the
administration of government is
carried on for the welfare of the
many.

Whenever the interests of the

people as a whole are made
subservient to the selfish
interests of the rulers,
aristocracy becomes a form of
government known as oligarchy.

C. Government by many
C1 Democracy or one in which
political power is exercised by
the majority of the people. It is
further classified into:

C1.1 Direct or pure democracy or

one in which the will of the state is
formulated or expressed directly
and immediately through the
people in a mass meeting or
primary assembly rather than
through the medium of
representatives chosen by the
people to act for them.

C1.2 Indirect, representative or

republican democracy or one in
which the will of the state is
formulated and expressed through
the agency of a relatively small
and select body of persons chosen
by the people to act as their
representatives.

2. As to extent of powers
exercised by the central or
national government:
A. Unitary government or
one in which the control of
national and local affairs is
exercised by the national
government;

B. Federal government or one

in which the powers of
government are divided
between two sets of organs,
one for national affairs and the
other for local affairs, each
organ being supreme within its
own sphere.

Dist. bet. Federal & Unitary Govt

Federal states, such as the U.S.
and Switzerland, comprise unions
of states in which the authority of
the central or national government
is constitutionally limited by the
legally established powers of the
constituent subdivisions.

In unitary states, such as

the United Kingdom and
Belgium, the constituent
subdivisions of the state are
subordinate to the authority of
the national government.

Countries with federal political

systems have both a central
government and governments
based in smaller political units,
usually called states, provinces, or
territories. These smaller political
units surrender some of their
political power to the central
government, relying on it to act for
the common good.

In a federal system, laws are

made both by state, provincial, or
territorial governments and by a
central government. In the United
States, for example, people who
live in the state of Ohio must
obey the laws made by the Ohio
legislature and the Congress of
the United States.

Federal political systems divide

power and resources between
central and regional governments.
Central governments decide issues
that concern the whole country,
such as organizing an army,
building major roads, and making
treaties with other countries.

In unitary systems, with laws giving

virtually all authority to the central
government. The central
government may delegate duties to
cities or other administrative units,
but it retains final authority and can
retract any tasks it has delegated.

The central government in a

unitary system is much more
powerful than the central
government in a federal system.

3. As to relationship between the

executive and the legislative
branches of the government:
A. Parliamentary government or
cabinet govt. is one in which the
executive and legislative branch of
the government are dependent or
executive branch is part of the
legislative branch.

B. Presidential government or
one in which the state makes
the executive independent from
the legislative.

Distinctions bet. Presidential &

Parliamentary
In parliamentary
governments, of which the
United Kingdom, India, and
Canada are examples, the
executive branch is subordinate
to the legislature.

In presidential
governments, such as in the
U.S., the executive is
independent of the legislature,
although many of the
executive's actions are subject
to legislative review.

4. As to source of power or

authority:
A. De facto is one not so
constituted or founded with the
existing constitution but has the
general support of the people and
has effective control of the territory
over which it exercises its powers.

B. De Jure is one which is

constituted or founded in
accordance with the existing
constitution of the state but has
no control of the territory.
C. Hereditary & Elective

Checks and
Balances, the doctrine and prac
tice of dispersing political power
and creating mutual
accountability among political
entities such as the courts, the
president or prime minister, the
legislature, and the citizens.

The system of checks and

balances is a basic feature of the
United States government.
The first check comes from the fact
that different branches of the
government have overlapping
authority, so each branch can act
as a limit on the other.

For example, the president can

veto an act of Congress. A twothirds majority in Congress can
then override the presidents
veto. The president appoints
major federal officials, but only if
the Senate by majority vote
agrees.

Separation of
Powers, the doctrine and practi
ce of dividing the powers of a
government among different
branches to guard against
abuse of authority.

A government of separated
powers assigns different political
and legal powers to the
legislative, executive, and
judicial branches. The
legislative branch has the
power to make laws.

The executive branch has the

authority to administer the law
primarily by bringing
lawbreakers to trialand to
appoint officials and oversee the
administration of government
responsibilities.

The judicial branch has the

power to try cases brought to
court and to interpret the
meaning of laws under which
the trials are conducted.

A government of separated
powers is less likely to be
tyrannical and more likely to
follow the rule of law: the
principle that government action
must be constrained by laws.

A separation of powers can also

make a political system more
democratic by making it more
difficult for a single ruler, such
as a monarch or a president, to
become dictatorial.

The division of powers also

prevents one branch of
government from dominating
the others or dictating the laws
to the public. Most democratic
systems have some degree of
separation of powers.