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ATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
John Dalton
suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that were able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity and called them
ATOMS
ELECTRON
PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
Ernest Rutherford
oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his
famous experiment.
they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil
which was only a few atoms thick.
they found that although most of them
passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit
gold foil
helium nuclei
Niels Bohr
studied under Rutherford at the Victoria
University in Manchester.
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding
that the electrons were in orbits. Rather
like planets orbiting the sun. With each
orbit only able to contain a set number of
electrons.
Bohrs Atom
electrons in orbits
nucleus
HELIUM ATOM
Shell
proton
+
-
electron
What do these particles consist of?
neutron
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Particle
Charge
Mass
proton
+ ve charge
neutron
No charge
electron
-ve charge
nol
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atomic number
Atomic mass
He
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or
Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
first shell
a maximum of 2 electrons
second shell
a maximum of 8 electrons
third shell
a maximum of 8 electrons
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
There are two ways to represent the atomic
structure of an element or compound;
1.
2.
Electronic Configuration
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
With electronic configuration elements are represented
numerically by the number of electrons in their shells
and number of shells. For example;
Nitrogen
2 in 1st shell
5 in 2
nd
shell
configuration = 2 , 5
2
5 = 7
14
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Write the electronic configuration for the following
elements;
a)
Ca
20
b)
Na
40
2,8,8,2
d)
Cl
17
35
2,8,7
11
23
c)
2,8,1
e)
Si
14
28
2,8,4
8
16
2,6
f)
5
11
2,3
Nitrogen
X X
XX
X X
14
SUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of
Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.
3.
4.
5.
Bonding Atoms
Why do atoms bond?
each atom wants a full outermost energy
level
gain, lose, and share valence electrons to
achieve the duet or octet rule: being happy
gives each atom an electron configuration
similar to that of a noble gas
ex. Group 18: He, Ne, Ar
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons
C would like to
Gain 4 electrons
N would like to
Gain 3 electrons
O would like to
Gain 2 electrons
Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups
according to their properties.
Mendeleev
He
Li
Be
Na
M
g
Al
Si
Cl Ar
Ca
Fe
Ni
C
u
Zn
Ag
Pt
A
u
Ne
Br Kr
I
Xe
H
g
These elements
have __ electrons
in their outer shell
Li
Be
Na
M
g
Ca
He
Sodium has 11
C
Fe
Ni
Zn
electrons in the
u
configuration 2,8,1
Ag
Pt
Potassium has 19
electrons in the
configuration __,__,__
A
u
H
g
Ne
Al
Si
Cl Ar
Br Kr
I
Xe
He
Li
Be
Na
M
g
Al
Si
Cl Ar
Ca
Fe
Ni
C
u
Zn
Ag
A
u
This line divides metals
from non-metals
Pt
Ne
Br Kr
I
Xe
H
g
These elements are nonmetals
He
Li
Be
Na
M
g
Al
Si
Cl Ar
Ca
Fe
Ni
C
u
Zn
Ag
E.g. consider the group 1 metals.
They all:
1)
Are soft
2)
A H
Pt
u
g
Can be easily cut with a knife
3)
Ne
Br Kr
I
Xe
Atomic bonds:
an attempt to fill electron shells
Three types of atomic bonds:
1. Ionic bonds
2. Covalent bonds
3. Metallic bonds
IONIC BOND
bond formed
between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons
Group 1 metals
ion 1+
Group 2 metals
Group 13 metals
ion 2+
ion 3+
Na
2-8-1
11 p+
11 e0
Sodium ion
Na +
2-8 ( = Ne)
11 p+
10 e1+
Magnesium ion
Mg
2-8-2
12 p+
12 e0
2e
Mg2+
2-8 (=Ne)
12 p+
10 e2+
Group 2
Group 13
H+
Mg2+
Al3+
Li+
Ca2+
Na+
Sr2+
K+
Ba2+
Learning Check
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum
1) 1 e2) 2 e3) 3 eB.
C.
3) 3+
Solution
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum
3)
3 eB.
C.
Learning Check
Give the ionic charge for each of the following:
A. 12 p+ and 10 e1) 0
2) 2+3) 2B. 50p+ and 46 e1) 2+
2) 4+3) 4C. 15 p+ and 18e2) 3+
2) 3- 3) 5-
Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron
:F
2-7
9 p+
9 e0
+ e
octet
1 -
: F:
2-8 (= Ne)
9 p+
10 e1ionic charge
Ionic Bond
Between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
Bond formed by transfer of electrons
Produce charged ions all states.
Conductors and have high melting point.
Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
1). Ionic bond electron from Na is transferred to Cl, this causes a charge
imbalance in each atom. The Na becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-),
charged particles or ions.
COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
Covalent Bond
Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
Formed by sharing electron pairs
Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
when electrons are
shared equally
H2 or Cl2
Oxygen Atom
POLAR COVALENT
BONDS
when electrons are
shared but shared
unequally
H2 O
METALLIC BOND
bond found in
metals; holds metal
atoms together
very strongly
Metallic Bond
Formed between atoms of metallic
elements
Electron cloud around atoms
Good conductors at all states, lustrous,
very high melting points
Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
Formula Weights
Formula weight is the sum of the atomic
masses.
Example- CO2
Mass, C + O + O
12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994
43.999
Practice
Compute the mass of the following compounds
round to nearest tenth & state type of bond:
NaCl;
23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond
C2H6;
24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond
Na(CO3)2;
23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent