Networking Basics

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India
Network Overview
H.K. Makkar
DGM(CC)
ALTTC, Ghaziabad
Why do we need networking ?

To share Hardware & Software
Resources
To share Information or Databases
For Communications : e-mail, ecommerce
Centralized Working
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What in Network
Nodes are connected to Share Information.
Components:
DTE(Data Terminal Equipment)
DCE(Data Communication Equipment)
Media
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Major DCE
Hub
Switch
Router
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Ethernet
Family of LAN Products covered by
IEEE 802.3 Protocol (CSMA/CD)
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
1000 Mbps
10 Gbps
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Why Ethernet
Easy to implement, manage and
Maintain
Low Cost Implementation
Flexible Topological Support
Successful Integration
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Contention Mechanism
CSMA/CD ( carrier sense multiple access
with collision detection )
A workstation wanting to send data,first
listen to the network whether it is
silent.If so,it transmits the data.If not,it
waits for a random amount of time before
retrying
This mechanism is standardised as IEEE
802.3
It is also called listen before transmit
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Network Terminology
Network
Node
Segment
Backbone
Topology
LAN
WAN
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Network Terminogy
MAC Address
IP Address
Unicast
Multicast
Broadcast
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Packet Switching in DCEs

Concept of Broadcasting
Switches
Buffers
Lookup tables
Cut through or Store-and-Forward
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Working of Switch
Transparent Bridging
Learning
Flooding
Filtering
Forwarding
Ageing
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IP Address
Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying
number, called an IP Address. A typical IP address looks
like this:
216.27.61.137
The IP address is a 32 bit number. The four numbers in
an IP address are called octets.
Each octet can contain any value between 0 and 255 (2 8).
By combining the four octets 4,294,967,296 unique values
possible.
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TCP / IP
The only common language (protocol) used by
the computers on the Internet.
Any body who communicates to Internet or
communicate in Internet like environment has to
use TCP/IP
Each Computer must have unique address in the
communication domain
e.g. 220.220.220.3
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Routers
Used to Connect Networks
Works at Layer 3 (Network Layer)
Handles Broadcast differently
Manages Paths
Functions
Ensures the information doesnt go to
innocent bystanders
Sends Information to the intended
Destination
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Types of Network
Depending on Geographical Coverage of
Inter-connected Computers ,Networks are
Classified as:
LAN - Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
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Network Design Parameters

Scalability
Latency
Network Failure
Collisions
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Local Area Network

They occupy one physical location
and one physical location only
They can be peer or client-server
networks
They have high speed data transfer
rate in the range of 10 Mbps or
more
Centralised back up & sharing of
database
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Wide Area Network

It is a network of geographically
scattered LANs joined together using
internetworking components & media of
leased lines etc.
WANs mostly uses routers
WAN is basically a series of LANs
connected by routers
Its speed restrictions called bandwidth
issues are todays bottle-necks.
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Internetworking Devices
To inter-connect various LANs
Repeater
Bridge
Router
Gateways
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Client/Server Networks
Server is normally a dedicated powerful
machine
The clients are normally less powerful than
the server
Clients are the Front-end M/Cs running
Appln. Programs and Servers at the Backend store & process data
Reliability and scalability
Data security and centralised management
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Components of C/S LAN

( A ) H/W Components Required
Servers
PC Workstations or Nodes
Network Interface Card(NIC)
Media (Cabling- Co-axial,UTP,STP,Fiber Optic)
Signal Distribution Units- Hubs, Switches, Routers
( B ) S/W Components Required
Network Operating System
Network Driver Program
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The benefits of C/S networks

Centralised Management of network
resources
The ability to set strict security and
controls
Reduction in management at client
Ability to secure and back up data from
server
Ability to scale- increase in size
gracefully
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Network Interface Card

Workstations and servers are linked by NIC.
NIC implements the MAC Protocol- which
determine how workstations/servers share
access to network.
NIC circuitry also implements commands
required to support a typical card-Ethernet,
ARCnet etc.
NIC has memory for buffering in and outgoing
data packets
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NIC Contd.
NIC has the provision of Remote
Booting
PROM for diskless PCs
Each NIC has got the 48bit ( 6
Byte ) unique hard-coded address
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Servers
( Heart of the Network )
Servers are the computers that provide
some service to the network,to be
shared by the network users, e.g.
- File Server
- Print Server
- Communication Server
- Mail server
- Web server
- Proxy server
etc.
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Servers contd.
Better & Faster CPU
More RAM & better RAM Speed ( > 512 MB )
Higher Bus Width & Speed
More CACHE ( >512 K b )
Higher Capacity Hard Disk ( 80 GB x 2 or so..)
Better Hard Disk Controllers ( SCSI )
Fault Tolerance ( DiskMirroring/Duplexing or
RAID functionality )
Better Cooling
Backup Devices ( CTDs,DATs,Fl optical etc. )
Network Management Support (SNMP/RMON)
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Network Operating Systems

It runs on the Server
It is the glue that binds together
components of network
It makes the distant computer resources
available on the local work station
It has multi- tasking and multi- user
architecture.
Popular N.O.S. are:
- Novell Netware 3.11, 4.11, 5.0
- Windows NT4.0 / Windows 2000
Server
- Linux
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Servers
Primary Authentication Server
DNS
DHCP
File Server
Web Server
Application Server
Remote Connection Server
Email Server
Firewall
Proxy Server
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What Is DHCP?
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
is a protocol that lets network administrators
manage centrally and automate the
assignment of IP (Internet Protocol)
configurations on a computer network.
Without DHCP, the IP address must be entered
manually at each computer system. DHCP lets
a network administrator supervise and
distribute IP addresses from a central point.
The purpose of DHCP is to provide the
automatic (dynamic) allocation of IP client
configurations for a specific time period
(called a lease period)
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Importance of DHCP
It simplifies the process of adding
machines to a network and assigning
unique IP addresses
The introduction of DHCP alleviated the
problems associated with manually
assigning TCP/IP client addresses.
Easy connectivity for mobile users
Network administrators have quickly
appreciated the importance, flexibility
and ease-of-use offered in DHCP.
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Checklist For Building Intranet

The network, may be a LAN or WAN
Networking Protocols, eg. The TCP/IP protocol suite
Intranet Services, eg. WWW,FTP or DNS provided by
the intranet servers
Content provided by the services, eg. Web documents
or FTP files
Client software to enable users to access intranet
services
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Client Server
All the services on the Internet are provided in
the form of Client/ Server applications which
have the following components
Server software on the server
Client software on all the clients
a protocol required to communicate between the two
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Domain Name Server

Since the IP addresses are difficult to remember,
the computers on the Internet can be referred by
names called Domain Names
As network only understands only IP address,
the Domain Name Server (DNS) converts
Domain Names into IP addresses or vice versa
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WWW or W3 Service
HTTP
Web Server
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Web Client/Browser
FTP Service
FTP
FTP Server
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FTP Client/Browser
Mail Service (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

SMTP
POP3
POP3
POP3
Mail Clients
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POP3
News Service
NNTP
News Server
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News Client
Application / RBBMS Server
ODBC/ JDBC
Database Server
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Client
Remote Access Server

This service uses the modems and facilitates
the connectivity to the remote users trying to
use PSTN.
e.g. Dial up Modem
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Mail Server
Mail Server
Exchange Server
Mail Client
Outlook
Eudora
Internet mail
Inbox etc.
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Application Server
Database servers can be used to design the
custom applications. Common database servers
are
Oracle, SQL Server
Common Clients are

Visual Basic, Java, Developer 2000 etc.
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Firewall
It is a software that secures the network from
the unauthorized access
It can restricts the traffic to and fro Internet by
IP addresses or Domain Names
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Service Using Multiple Servers
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Web Enable Mail
Mail
Server
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Web Server
Web Client
Web Enabled Applications
Database
Server
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Web Server
Web Client
All the services must be in close harmony

with the Network platform or the complete
solution can be provided by the single vendor.
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Web
Server
Database
Server
Clients
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File
Server
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Establishing connectivity on the

Internet
TCP/IP (Transmission Control

Protocol/ Internet Protocol)
TCP/IP is Connection Independent
protocol
Independent of the physical media
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Clients IP Address
Temporarily allocated by ISP
ISPs purchase a block of unique
ISP addresses
All the Clients become visible to all
the other computers on the
Internet via their unique IP
address through the ISPs Server
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Resolving Domain Name

ISP Internet Server intercepts this
request first.
Should the domain name be unknown to
the ISPs internet Server, it routes this
broadcast to InterNIC Root Server.
The IP address will be routed to Client via
ISP
The Clients Brower will broadcast the
request to connect directly to Internet
Server using its IP address.
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Setting Up Connection
As soon this call is heard by the Internet
Server it will respond and a link will be set
up between the client and the Internet
Server
Web Server Software installed on the
Internet Server takes care of connecting a
Client to the virtual domain as required.
Once a client is connected to the appropriate
domain, the Web server software delivers
the first HTML page of that domain.
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Web Server
Web pages HTML syntax files
Web Site - Organization of Web
pages into directories and files on
the HDD
Computers which sore web pages
in the form of files and directories
and provide the files to be read are
called Servers
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Web Server Functions

Web site management
Accept a clients request for information
Respond to a clients request by
providing the page with required
information
Software: IIS, Apache Web Server,
Netscape Sever, Microsoft Personal Web
Server etc.
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WEB CLIENT/BROWSER
Connect to an appropriate Server
Query the Server for the
Information
Provide the Interface to read the
Information returned by the Server
Software: Internet Explorer,
Netscape Communicator
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Request Format
Protocol:// servername:port number
Port number gives protocol( for
HTTP port number is 80 and for
FTP 21)
Client can view specific page by :
Protocol://servername:port
number/webpagename
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WEBSITE LANQUAGES
Language interpreted by a Brower is
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
Static and Dynamic Websites
HTML itself is Static
Embedding the Script Languages (like
JavaScript) to make interactive
WebPages
Database Connectivity and Event
Handling
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Glossary
POTS (plain old telephone system)
What you are using when you pick up
your telephone.
Net
Commonly used term for the Internet.
Dial-up connection
A connection from your computer to
an Internet-connected computer over
standard phone lines, using a modem.
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Glossary
Direct-connection:
A permanent connection between a
computer system (either a single CPU
or a LAN) and the Internet. This is
sometimes called a leased line.
Off-line
The state of not being connected to
the Internet.
On-line
The state of being connected to the
Internet.
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Glossary
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
A company that provides Internet
access and other Net-related services.
Multimedia
A combination of many media - text,
graphics,audio and video.
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Glossary
Domain name
Standard Internet address i.e. User name,
followed character @, followed by the name
of the computer.
UserID@Domain
Each part of DOMAIN is called sub-domain
separated by a dot.
Right most sub-domain is called Top-Level
Domain.
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Glossary
Top Level Domains:
Organisational Top Level Domain
Geographical Top Level Domain
Organisational
Geographical
.com-Commercial Organisation .at- Austria
.edu- Educational Institution
.au- Australia
.gov- Government
.ca- Canada
.int - International Organisation.in- India
.net- Networking Organisation .jp- Japan
.org- Non Profit Organisation .kr- Korea
.mil- Military Organisation
.uk- UK
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Glossary
IP-address
The 32-bit addressing standard used by the
Internet Protocol
Every resource on the Net has a unique IP
address, represented in dotted decimal
notation (e.g. 198.72.13.150)
DNS(Domain Name Service)

A database used for resolving hostnames
and IP addresses. Allow user's machines to
query the database for domain names so
that users don't have to enter numeric IP
addresses
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Glossary
Browser
A software chart which enables you to
access the information on the World
Wide Web. The two most popular
browsers are Netscape Navigator and
Microsoft's Internet Explorer.
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Glossary
World-Wide-Web
The name given to the graphical
interface through which you can
access the information contained on
the Internet in a much more efficient
manner.
Web-page
An HTML document that is accessible
on the Web.
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Glossary
Home Page
The document that's displayed when
you first open a Web browser. Also,
commonly used to refer to the first
document you come to in a collection
of documents on a Web site
Web-document
An HTML document that is browseable
on the World Wide Web
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Glossary
Web-Developer
A company that designs and develops
web sites
Hosting Service Provider
A company that puts up your web site
on its server and maintains it.
URL (Universal Resource Locator)

Address which uniquely identifies a
page on www
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Glossary
HTML
(Hyper
Language)
Text
Markup
A system for making (or tagging) the various

parts of a Web document to tell the browser
software how to display the document's text,
links, graphics and linked media.
HTTP/HTML-Link
Used to refer to a connection between web
sites, or different web pages of the same
website, or web pages on different web sites.
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Glossary
Server
A computer that offers various
services
(document
viewing,
file
transfer,etc. to other computers (called
clients over a network)
Host
A computer that users can log in to in
order to run programs and access
services.
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Glossary
Hacker
A computer enthusiast who hijacks the sites
and corrupt the contents of the sites
Firewall
A computer that acts as a security gateway
between a local network and a larger
network. The firewall monitors and restricts
data traffic between networks according to
various security criteria specified by the
systems administrator/computer security
person.
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Glossary
Encryption
The act of scrambling information so
that only those with access to certain
key information can unscramble (or
decrypt)it
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Glossary
Search-Engine
Servers used to search for information
on the Internet in an easy and efficient
manner
Gateway
A computer transfers data between
ordinarily incompatible applications or
networks. Not to be confused with a
router that transfers data between
compatible networks
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Glossary
Newsgroups
Another method of discussions on the
Internet in which members of a group (called
newsgroup) post questions to and receive
answers from other members
Internet-commerce
In which complete business transactions

-including payments are conducted through
the Internet
E-mail
Short for electronic mail
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Glossary
Mailing-Lists
A discussion platform in which any
member belonging to a list can send
messages through e-mail to all other
members. Today, on the Internet,
mailing
lists
are
available
on
thousands of subjects. These are
usually free.
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Thanks!
ALTTC, Ghaziabad

Networking Basics

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Networking Basics

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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Why do we need networking ?

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Packet Switching in DCEs

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Network Design Parameters

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Local Area Network

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Wide Area Network

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Components of C/S LAN

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

The benefits of C/S networks

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Network Interface Card

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Network Operating Systems

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Checklist For Building Intranet

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Domain Name Server

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Mail Service (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Application / RBBMS Server

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Remote Access Server

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Common Clients are

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Service Using Multiple Servers

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India

Web Enable Mail

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, India