Fate map

Fate mapping
In developmental biology, fate mapping is a
method of understanding the embryonic origin of
various tissues in the adult organism by establishing
the correspondence between individual cells (or
groups of cells) at one stage of development, and
their progeny at later stages of development.

Discovered the three germ layers;

Heinz Christian Pander

Russian biologist, has been credited for the discovery of the three germ layers that form during
embryogenesis.
Pander received his doctorate in zoology from the University of Wurzburg in 1817.
He began his studies in embryology using chicken eggs, which allowed for his discovery of the
ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
Due to his findings, Pander is sometimes referred to as the "founder of embryology".

Dividing cells of the fertilized egg form three embryonic germ layers

As development progresses beyond the zygote and blastula, you see

greater differentiation in the gastrula stage.

Dividing cells of the fertilized egg form three embryonic germ layers (Part 1)

Ectoderm:
Differentiates to form the nervous
system (spine, peripheral nerves and
brain), tooth enamel and the
epidermis. It also forms the lining of
mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands,
hair and nails.

Dividing cells of the fertilized egg form three embryonic germ layers (Part 2)

Mesoderm:
Forms mesenchyme
(connective tissue),
mesothelium, blood cells and
coelomocytes (immune cells in
worms and spiders)
Mesothelium lines coeloms;
forms the muscles in a
process known as
myogenesis.

Dividing cells of the fertilized egg form three embryonic germ layers (Part 3)

Endoderm:
Parts of the alimentary canal), the
lining cells of all the glands which
open into the digestive tube,
general respiratory tract, the
trachea, bronchi, and alveoli,
general endocrine glands and
organs, parts of the auditory
system (the epithelium of the
auditory tube and tympanic
cavity), urinary system (the urinary
bladder and part of the urethra).

Fate Maps and Cell Lineages:

Unlike in adults, the cells in the embryo tend to move and shift. Therefore, in
developmental biology it is cruicial to identify the following two types of cells:
Epithelial cells cells that are very tightly connected to each other and form sheets
of tissue or tubes of tissue.
Mesenchymal cells cells that ARE NOT connected to each other and function as
independent units.

Fate map for Drosophila sp. eggs.

Additional morphogenic variations:

Cell shape changes
Cell migrations
Cell growth
Cell death (programmed cell death is called apoptosis)
Changes in the composition of Cell membrane
Direction and number of cell division

Fate maps of vertebrates at the early gastrula stage

Fate Maps maps of early developmental stages showing a tracing (or map) of
cell lineages through developmental time. Important for both descriptive and
experimental embryology.

Edwin Grant Conklin - traced the formation of organs to their

origins in the egg cell and embryo. Conklin also investigated the
physical mechanism of cell division.

Vital dye staining of amphibian embryos

Fate mapping using a fluorescent dye

A more modern take on Vogts approach:

Fluorescence Staining

Hilde Mangold

Embryologists who first successfully

transplanted embryonic tissues to
form chimeric embryos.

Hans Spemann

Genetic markers as cell lineage tracers

Two more modern takes on s Mangold & Spemanss approach:

Genetic Markers

Genetic Markers

Homologies of structure among human arm, seal forelimb, bird wing, and bat wing

End.