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Mastery Items:
What is the Archie Equation and why is it important?
Basic reservoir characteristics?
Basic source rock characteristics?
Lithology identification and determination
a Rw
m Rt
1
n
Where:
Sw = water saturation of the uninvaded zone (Archie method)
Rw = resistivity of formation water at formation temperature
Rt = true resistivity of formation (i.e. RIld or RLLd corrected for
invasion)
= porosity
a = tortuosity factor
m = cementation exponent
n = saturation exponent which varies from 1.8 to 2.5 but is
normally equal to 2.0
xo
a Rmf
Rxo
m
1
n
Where:
Sw = water saturation of the uninvaded zone (Archie method)
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate at formation temperature
Rxo = shallow resistivity from Laterolog-8*, Micropherically
Focused Log*, or Microlaterolog*
f
= porosity
a = tortuosity factor
m = cementation exponent
n
= saturation exponent which varies from 1.8 to 2.5 but is
normally equal to 2.0
Water saturation of the flushed zone (Sxo) can be used as an
indicator of hydrocarbon moveability
Ratio Method
The Ratio Method identifies hydrocarbons from the difference
between water saturations in the flushed zone (Sxo) and the
uninvaded zone (Sw). when water saturation of the uninvaded zone
(Sw) is divided by water saturation of the flushed zone (Sxo), the
following results:
Sw
S xo
Rxo Rt
Rmf R
w
Where:
Sw = water saturation uninvaded zone
Sxo = water saturation flushed zone
Rxo = formations shallow resistivity from Laterolog-8*, Microspherically
Focused Log*, or Microlaterolog*
Rt = formations true resistivity (RIld or RLLd corrected for invasion)
Rmf = resistivity of the mud filtrate at formation temperature
Rw = resistivity of the formation water at formation temperature
effective, primary,
secondary and intercrystalline)
Permeability (K) (Absolute, relative)
Saturation (S) (Sw, Sxo, Sh, So, Sg,
Shr, Shm) and their interrelationships.
POROUS MEDIUM
STANDARD
REALITY
Various
pore
geometries with
different effective
path length
= porosity
DETERMINATION OF POROSITIES
Porosity is the volume of the non-solid portion of the rock, that is
filled with fluids divided by the total volume of the rock .
Primary porosity is the porosity developed by the original
sedimentation process, by which the rock was created. It is often
referred to in terms of percentage
Rock porosities are usually measured from well logs and
corrected using the porosity tools (Density, Neutron and Sonic).
These porosity tools are largely responsive to porosity and, also,
affected by other geologic factors, e.g. formation matrix
lithology, type of fluid present in the pores and the type of
porosity. This has allowed the use of these logs in combination
for the determination of the total porosity (T), as well as the
secondary porosity (sec) and effective porosity (E).