Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 1

CHAPTER

TYPES OF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 2

Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to:
disseminate and intensify knowledge on the different types of
entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs
differentiate the differences based on entrepreneurial
activities as well as the functions assumed by the
entrepreneurs

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 3

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
classify the types of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs into
proper context without any difficulty
differentiate and articulate the different types of
entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs that exist in the current
entrepreneurship literature
explain the differentiating factors based on the respective
entrepreneurial activities and functions of the entrepreneurs.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 4

Introduction
Entrepreneurial activities in the form of producing goods and
services for human needs, selling, trading or exchanging of
goods were in existence since time immemorial.
Presently, entrepreneurship development is recognized as an
important catalyst that can spur economic growth and
prosperity especially in the countries that practise free market
economy.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 5

Introduction (cont.)
Entrepreneurship by definition is a process of identifying the
opportunity, converting the opportunity into marketable
products or services using creative and innovative means
and through the process creates value and wealth to the
society. (opportunityproducts/services)
Entrepreneurs are individuals who undertake entrepreneurial
process.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 6

Entrepreneurship versus
Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurship refers to an entrepreneurial process while
entrepreneur is the individual that executes the process.
Entrepreneurship entity or groupings can be categorized
based on the type of entrepreneurial activities being carried
out.
The entrepreneurship process may comprise several
entrepreneurial activities which might differ from one
organization to the other.
Types of entrepreneurs are best described in terms of their
motives and their functions as entrepreneurs.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 7

Types of Entrepreneurship

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 8

Corporate Entrepreneurship
Corporate entrepreneurship refers to the entrepreneurial
activities carried out in large corporations.
Large companies have to continually expand and diversify
their entrepreneurial activities in order to sustain its existence
by creating new products or services to their customers.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 9

Corporate Entrepreneurship
(cont.)

The introduction of entrepreneurial culture and process can

be seen as an effort to
instigate renewal or innovation in the organization (Sharma &
Chrisman, 1999)
explore research
take calculated risks and invest in new promising areas
create a working environment that can tolerate experimentation,
uncertainty, risk and failures

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 10

Private or Independent
Entrepreneurship

Private or independent entrepreneurship refers to:

the entrepreneurial activities of private or independent firms where
the entrepreneurship process is most prevalent

The entrepreneurship process begins with

the identification of business opportunity

setting-up of the business entity
growing the business to a higher level
planning for the harvest strategy

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 11

Private or Independent
Entrepreneurship (cont.)
The majority of the small and medium-sized enterprises in
this country belong to this kind of entrepreneurship.
Independent entrepreneurship contributes to the nations
economy in terms of providing jobs and value added
initiatives.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 12

Intrapreneurship

Intrapreneurship can be defined as:

an innovative corporate management strategy that encourages
employees within an organization to create new product ideas
if employees ideas are approved, management will finance
research and development of the product while sharing an
equitable partnership arrangement with the employee

Intrapreneurship scheme allows and encourages

entrepreneurial activities within the corporation or institution

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 13

Social Entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship refers to the entrepreneurial activities
carried out by social enterprises, NGOs and charitable
organizations.
The process involves recognition of a social problem and the
application of the entrepreneurial approach to organize, create
and manage a venture to achieve the social objectives or social
ROI (return on investment).
Example of economic based social entrepreneurship project is
the Grahmeen Bank in Bangladesh whose objective is to provide
easy and cheap credit to poor women who are involved in micro
business.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 14

Social Entrepreneurship (cont.)

Other examples of societies and clubs are Students in Free
Enterprise (SIFE), Society for the World Wild Life Protection
(WWF), Society for welfare and aid for unfortunate groups
like orphans, Palestinians, aborigines, urban and rural poor
There are also societies formed to cater to specific interests
like the Malaysian Nature Society, Environmental Protection
Society of Malaysia and Amnesty International for protection
of human rights.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 15

Public Sector Entrepreneurship

Public sector entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activities
carried out by government-linked companies (GLCs) or stateowned enterprises.
The majority of these companies were formed as part of the
nations privatization programme which aimed at providing more
efficient services to the people.
State-owned enterprises such as the SEDCs are engaged in
certain entrepreneurial activities through joint-ventures( ),
equity participation( ) as well as management buyouts(
).
They are also entrusted with the task of entrepreneurship
development in their respective states.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 16

Academic Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurial activities in academic and research institutions

mainly involve:
research and development of new products, processes, systems,
materials, etc. with the objectives that these innovations will lead to
intellectual property rights (e.g. patents , copyright, trademark)
and its commercialization through outright sale of IPs, technology
licensing or through creation of new ventures.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 17

Other Variants of Entrepreneurship

There are also other variants of entrepreneurship such as

gender entrepreneurship
political entrepreneurship
ethnic and sectarian(religious) entrepreneurship
agriculture and technology entrepreneurship, etc.

Gender entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activities that

are carried out by women or any entrepreneurship programme
targeted to this particular group.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 18

Other Variants of Entrepreneurship

Ethnic entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activities
carried out by the various ethnic groups in the country. Studies in
this area of entrepreneurship focus on whether certain ethnic
group is more entrepreneurial than the others and the factors
contributing to that phenomenon.
Political entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activities
carried out by various enterprises that are created by political
parties as vehicles to source funds for the political parties.
Agriculture entrepreneurship and technology entrepreneurship
are terms used to refer entrepreneurial activities in agriculture
and technology respectively.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 19

Types of Entrepreneurs

The classification on types of entrepreneurship is based upon

the entrepreneurial activities carried out in each type of
organization; categorization of entrepreneurs is based upon
the functions and roles of the entrepreneurs in their
respective organizations.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 20

Corporate Entrepreneurs
Corporate entrepreneurs are those who managed large
corporation usually public listed companies. Corporate
entrepreneurs typically hold the position of Chief Executive
Officer or Managing Director and they are either employed or
own shares in those corporations.
In this sense, corporate entrepreneurs are known as
intrapreneurs because they assume the exact role of
entrepreneurs in managing the organizations. In most cases
corporate entrepreneurs are professionals.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 21

Independent Entrepreneurs
Considered as the pure type of entrepreneur, independent
entrepreneurs own and manage their own companies.
They invest and take risk upon any decision made and thus
have complete control of the organization.
This type of entrepreneurs generally exist in most
SMEs(small & medium entreprises) in the country.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 22

Social Entrepreneurs
This type of entrepreneurs exist in social organizations or
enterprises to achieve their social objectives and to sustain
their organisation as an on going concern.
They function exactly as corporate entrepreneurs where they
adopt entrepreneurship principles in managing their
organizations.
Social entrepreneurs are more concerned with achieving the
social ROI rather than the financial ROI.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 23

Public Entrepreneurs
These entrepreneurs are found in public sector organizations
including government-linked companies and state-owned
enterprises.
Public entrepreneurs function exactly as corporate
entrepreneursapplying the same entrepreneurship
principles in managing organizations or companies.
Sometimes they are also known as intrapreneurs since they
usually do not own the companies.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 24

Academic Entrepreneurs
Academic entrepreneurs exist in most institutions of higher
learning as well as in research and development
organizations.
They are usually involved in entrepreneurial activities that
lead to the innovation and commercialization of R & D
products or processes.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 25

Other Variants of Entrepreneurs

Other variants of entrepreneurs include:

serial entrepreneurs
lifestyle entrepreneurs
nascent entrepreneurs
necessity entrepreneurs
technopreneurs
agripreneurs
Infoprenuers
edupreneurs

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 26

Serial Entrepreneurs
Serial entrepreneurs refer to those who continuously start
new ventures and sell off the ventures at a later stage.
This type of entrepreneur typically possesses a higher level
of entrepreneurial characteristics and assumes a higher level
of risk.
However, he/she is usually handsomely rewarded from the
sale of successful ventures.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 27

Lifestyle Entrepreneurs
These entrepreneurs usually start new ventures out of their
passion rather than solely for profit.
They usually combine their personal interests and talents
and the need to earn a living and probably create wealth
along the way.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 28

Lifestyle Entrepreneurs
Lifestyle entrepreneurs develop and grow their businesses in
order to make a sustainable living in the field of business they
are passionate about.
Most of them are self-employed and enjoy doing something that
they love and at the same time achieve greater freedom through
working for themselves.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 29

Nascent Entrepreneurs
Nascent entrepreneurs( ) refer to those who aspire
to take up entrepreneurship as a career option. Nascent
entrepreneurs have yet to incorporate their own businesses
but all preparations have been undertaken.
They usually have prepared business plans, seek financial
assistance, undertaken market research and have registered
their businesses with the authorities.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 30

Necessity Entrepreneurs
These entrepreneurs are involved in entrepreneurship
activities not by their own choice. Majority of them are
involved in starting up their own businesses out of necessity.
They usually start their businesses as micro enterprises and
some of them manage to develop and grow the businesses
and become very successful.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 31

Technopreneurs
Technopreneurs refers to entrepreneurial persons who are
technology savvy and earn a fortune using their expertise in the
respective technologies.
Famous names like Steve Job, Michael Dell, Bill Gates and
others are examples of successful technopreneurs in the
information technology based industries.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 32

Technopreneurs (cont.)

The development of new technology in high growth areas like

information technology,
hardware and software for cellular phone based technology,
e-commerce,
e-government,
biotechnology,
environmentally friendly green technology,
multi-media based technology,
health and leisure-based technology,
pharmaceuticals,
application of nano-technology, etc.

have created new opportunities for Malaysian technopreneurs.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 33

Technopreneurs (cont.)
Products like Upin and Ipin is an example of multimedia
product that appeals to the global market.
There are also successful Malaysian companies that produce
specialized software to cater for a niche global market.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 34

Intrapreneur

In 1992, The American Heritage Dictionary acknowledged the

popular use of a new word, intrapreneur, to mean a person
within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for
turning an idea into a profitable finished product through
assertive(self-confident) risk-taking and innovation
(Wikipedia).

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 35

Agripreneurs
These entrepreneurs are involved in entrepreneurial activities
in the agriculture sector.
They may be involved in planting and producing agriculture
products for consumption or for further processing, or other
areas in the supply chain such as the downstream activities
processing and packaging.
The agriculture sector also involves the fishing industry,
aquaculture and animal husbandry.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 36

Infopreneurs
Infopreneurs refers to those who utilize information as a
commodity(product) for sale.
As information is powerful, infopreneurs sell information to
those who want to use the information as a business strategy
or simply for marketing and promotional activities.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 37

Edupreneurs
Edupreneurs are those involved in setting up educational
institutions privately with the objective to make a profit.
Owners of tuition centres and private colleges are usually known
as edupreneurs. They operate their institutions as business
organizations and apply similar entrepreneurship principles as in
any other corporations.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T), 2013

All Rights Reserved

1 38