ELECTRICAL MACHINE

EEP 3243

Lt Cdr Ong Khye Liat RMN

1
INTRODUCTION

2
 Electrical Machine Introduction
• An electric machine is a device which
converts electrical power
(voltages and currents) into
mechanical power (torque and
rotational speed), or vice versa
and changes AC voltage  from one
level to another level.


3
 Cont.
• Electrical machines are divided into
three categories:
– Generator
– Motor
– Transformer

4
 Cont.
• A generator is a dynamic electrical
energy machine that
converts mechanical energy at
its prime mover to produce
electrical energy at its output.
• Generator is classified into two
types: AC generator and DC generator.

5
 Cont.
• Motor is the device that
converts electrical energy at its
input to produce mechanical energy. 
• Motor is classified into two types: AC
motor and DC motor.

6
 Cont.
• Transformer is the device that
converts AC voltage from one level
to another level higher or lower, or
even to the same level without
changing the frequency.


7
 Cont.
• The capability of a machine
performing as one or the other is
often through the action of a
magnetic field, to perform such
conversions.


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 FUNDAMENTALS OF
ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM,
AND CIRCUITS

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 Fundamentals of Electricity
• Electricity
 a form of energy, produced in
various ways, which provides power to
devices that create light, heat,
movement etc.


10
 Cont.
• Current
 The rate of change of charge is
called current. SI unit C/s or Ampere.


• Current Charge Flow Vs Conventional

Charge Flow


 11
 Fundamentals of Magnetism
• The magnet is the property of a material
which can attract or repel of other iron
material.
• Magnetism is the amount of force that
creates by electric current.
• Electromagnet is one kind of temporary
magnet that produced by electric current
flowing through a conductor.

12
 Cont.
• Around the magnet where the force
acts is called magnetic field. The
intensity of the magnetic field is
more near the poles and it decreases
slowly away from the pole.
•

13
 Cont.
• The amount of magnetic field lines
passing through the area near the
magnet is called the magnetic flux,
ø and in unit Wb.
• Magnetic flux density, B is defined as
the ratio of magnetic flux per unit
area. Its unit is Tesla or Wb per
square meter.
•


14
 Cont.
• The magnetomotive force (MMF),F is defined
as the product of current and the number
of turns of the coil.

F= NI At
• Magnetic field intensity is defined as the
magnetomotive force per unit length.


15
 Cont.
• The permeability of the material offers
conductivity for the flux.
• High conductivity offers high permeability
and vice versa.
• Relative permeability is the ratio of
permeability of any medium (µ) to the
permeability of the free space (µo)*1


 Note : µo = 4π x 10-7 H/m

16
 Cont.
• The magnetic flux density (B) created
in a magnetic material is directly
proportional to the amount of
applied magnetic field intensity (H).
 B = µrµoH


17
 Cont.

• Reluctance (R) is the property of

magnetic material to oppose the
creation of magnetic flux.
• It also defined as the ratio of
magnetomotive force to the flux
through any cross section of
magnetic circuit.

18
 Cont.
• Mathematically, R can be expressed as,


19
 Cont.

• Permeance (P) is defined as the ratio

of magnetic flux to the
magnetomotive force through any
cross section of the magnetic
circuit.
• Mathematically, P is the reciprocal
of reluctance.


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 Fundamentals of Circuit
• The magnetic circuit is the closed
path followed by the magnetic flux.
It is divided into 2 types:
– Series magnetic circuit
– Parallel magnetic circuit

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 Cont.
• Series Magnetic • Equivalent Series
Circuit Circuit


22
 Cont.
• Parallel Magnetic • Equivalent Parallel
Circuit Circuit


23
 Cont.
• Magnetic Circuit • Equivalent Circuit
with Air Gap

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 Magnetic Vs Electric Circuit
• Flux (magnetomotive force per
reluctance) Vs current (voltage per
resistance).
• EMF Vs MMF
• Reluctance Vs Resistance
• Permeability Vs Conductivity


•
•
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 Electromagnetic Force
• When a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field it
experiences a electromagnetic force,
which called Lorentz force.
• This force has a basic importance for
working principle of motor,
generator , etc.

26
 Cont.
• Lorentz force, F
 F = BlI


 Where,
 B : magnetic flux density (T),
 l : length of the conductor (m),
 I : current flowing through the conductor

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 Forces Between 2 Parallel
Conductors

The total reduction in The net flux is

flux indicates the increased which
force of attraction indicates the force of
repulsion

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 Hysteresis Loop
• Hysteresis is a term which is used to
describe systems which have memory; that
is, the effects of the current input to
the system are not felt at the same
instant.

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 Hysteresis losses
• Each time the magnetic field is
reversed, a small amount of energy
is lost due to hysteresis within the
core. For a given core material, the
loss is proportional to the
frequency, and is a function of the
peak flux density to which it is
subjected.

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 Loss in Magnetic Field
• 2 types of losses are considered in
the magnetic field.
– Hysteresis loss
– Eddy current loss
• Combination of this 2 losses known as
core loss.

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 Hysteresis loss
• Ph = khVcvol Bm nf


Where,
k : is a constant depends on the properties of the material and core volume.
h
 Vcvol = lA : is the core volume.
n ; varies between 1.5 to 2.5
B
m : Max value of flux density
 f : is the frequency

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 Eddy Current Loss
• Ferromagnetic materials are also
good conductors, and a solid core made
from such a material also constitutes a
single short-circuited turn throughout
its entire length. Eddy currents
therefore circulate within the core in a
plane normal to the flux, and are
responsible for resistive heating of the
core material.

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 Cont.
• Pe = keVcvol t2Bm 2f2


Where,
k : is a proportionality constant depends on the properties of the material and
e
lamination thickness.
V
cvol = lA : is the core volume.
Bm : Max value of flux density


f : is the frequency
t : thickness of the lamination

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END OF PART 1

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 Practice Problem 1
• The dimensions of the magnetic circuit shown
below 0.2m,0.02m and 0.2m respectively. The
relative permeability of a magnetic material
is 750. Calculate the field intensity, H.


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 Solution
• The value of magnetomotive force is, F
 F = NI
 = 330 X 0.6A = 198 At

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 Cont

• Mean length of the path is, lc

 lc = (0.2 – 0.02) 4 = 0.72 m


• Cross sectional area, A

 A = 0.02 x 0.02 = 0.0004 m2


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 Cont.

• The value of reluctance is, R



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 Cont.
• The value of flux, Ø


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 Cont.
• Magnetic Flux density, B
•

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 Cont.
• Magnetic field intensity, H

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