Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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Global System
for Mobiles
1
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
3
Telecom Basics
Communication
Voice and Data
Analog and Digital
Circuit Switched and Packet Switched
Media - Copper Wire, Co-axial cable, Air, Optical
Fibre
Networks -PSTN, ISDN, PDN and Mobile Networks
Background to GSM
GSM History
1984:
1985:
1987:
1988:
1991:
1992:
1993:
The GSM-MoU has 62
signatories in 39 countries
worldwide.
1995:
1999:
2000:
GSM Specifications
12 SERIES
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE
01 SERIES
GENERAL
02 SERIES
SERVICE ASPECTS
11 SERIES
EQUIPMENT AND TYPE
APPROVAL SPECIFICATIONS
03 SERIES
NETWORK ASPECTS
10 SERIES
SERVICE INTERWORKING
04 SERIES
MS-BSS INTERFACE AND
PROTOCOLS
09 SERIES
NETWORK
INTERWORKING
05 SERIES
PHYSICAL LAYER ON THE
RADIO PATH.
08 SERIES
BSS TO MSC INTERFACES
ver2.2
07 SERIES
TERMINAL ADAPTERS
FOR MOBILE STATIONS
06 SERIES
SPEECH CODING
SPECIFICATIONS
photo
E/GPRS
video
clip
report
web
video
report clip
photo
ISDN
e-mail web
photo
PSTN
web
GSM
Transmission Time
10 sec
video
report clip
video
report clip
photo
web
photo
1 min
video
report clip
10 min
ver2.2
1 hour
1M
p
it
u
c
cir
100 k
64 k
10 k
1k
9.6
et
k
c
a
EDGE
UMTS
HSCSD
14.4
GPRS
Time frame
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
10
Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched
Circuit mode
Packet mode
GHF
D
A
C
GHF
C
D
A
GHF
C
D
A
11
13
14
Duplex Technique
Duplex - How the up link and Down link of a user
is separated
FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
(eg:In GSM the up link and down link of a user is
separated by 45MHz )
15
Access Techniques
Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz
Down Link 935 MHz to 960 MHz
25 MHz divided into 125 channels of 200 KHz
bandwidth
UP
890.0
890.2
890.4
914.8
915.0
DOWN 935.0
935.2
935.4
959.8
960.0
17
4.616 ms
18
19
20
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
21
MS
HLR
VLR
BSC
Abis
MSC
A
MS
AuC
GMSC
BTS
E
Abis
A
MSC
F
EIR
E
PSTN
BSC
Um
BTS
X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server
22
GSM Network
SS
External
PSTN &
PDN N/W
VLR
Switching
System
AUC
HLR
EIR
OMC
MSC
MS Mobile Station
BTS Base transceiver System
BSC Base Station Controller
MSC Mobile Switching Center
BSS BSC
HLR Home Location Register
VLR Visitor Location Register
BTS
EIR Equipment Identity Register
AUC Authentication Center
MS
OMC Operation And Maintenance Center
Base Station
System
23
GSM Architecture
VMSC
GSM
SMSC
Air interface
B
S
C
Abis
interface
TRAU
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
A
interface
B
S
C
HLR
AUC
MSC
PSTN
VLR
EIR
OMCS
BTS
BTS
Mobile
Station
24
Fundamentals
960 MHz
959.8MHz
124
123
DOWNLINK
200KHz
935.2 Mhz
0 1
935 MHz
915 MHz
45 MHz
124
123
UPLINK
200KHz
890.2 MHz
890 MHz
4 5 6 7
914.8 MHz
2 3
2
1
The technology
25
26
Mobile Equipment(ME)
27
SIM
Portable Smart Card with memory (ROM-6KB to 16KB-A3/A8
algorithm, RAM- 128KB TO 256KB, EEPROM- 3KB to 8KB )
Static Information
International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
Personal Identification Number (PIN)
Authentication Key (Ki)
Dynamic Information
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Phone memories, billing information
Ability to store Short Messages received
28
30
32
33
34
35
37
GSM Protocols
CM - Connection Management
MM - Mobility Management
RR - Radio resource
LAPDm
- LAPD for mobile
LAPD
- Link Access Procedure for D channel
BTSM
- BTS Management Part
BSSAP
- BSS Application Part (BSC - MSC)
DTAP
- Direct Transfer Application Part (MS - MSC)
MAP
- Mobile Application Part
MTP
- Message Transfer part of SS7
SCCP
- Signalling Connection Control Part of SS7
TCAP
- Transaction Capabilities Application Part
ISUP
- ISDN User Part
38
MS
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
HLR
MSC/
VLR
HLR
GMSC
CC
MM
RR
Trans
MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
39
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTIFIERS USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
40
41
International Mobile
Subscriber Identity [IMSI]
Subscriber always identified within the GSM network
by the IMSI
This is used for all signaling in the PLMN stored in
SIM and HLR/VLR
The IMSI consists of three different parts
MCC = Mobile Country Code(3 Digits)
MNC = Mobile Network Code(2 Digits)
MSIN = Mobile Station Identification Number(Upto 10 digits)
42
43
44
International Mobile
Equipment Identity [IMEI]
45
46
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
47
48
Channel concept
Physical channel:
One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier
is referred to as a physical channel.
There are 8 physical channels per carrier in
GSM,channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7)
Logical channel:
A great variety of information must be
transmitted between BTS and the MS,for e.g.
user data and control signaling.Depending
on the kind of information transmitted we
refer to different logical channels.These logical
channels are mapped on physical channel.
49
COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNELS
BROADCAST
CHANNELS
FCCH
SCH
DEDICATED
CHANNELS
BCCH
PCH
DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNELS
SDCCH
RACH
AGCH
SACCH
TCH/F
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS
FACCH
TCH/H
TCH/EFR
50
B5
B6
B4
B7
B3
B1
B8
= 32-46
B2
B12
MS ( monitoring the
broadcast radio B1 in idle
mode )
B9
B10
B11
F0
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F10
..
F11
F50
..
..
51
Synchronization Channel-SCH
This is used by the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame structure within the
particular cell.
Listening to the SCH the MS receives the TDMA frame number and also the
BSIC ( in the coded part- 39 bits).
Repeats once in every 10 frames.
52
1.
2.
3.
4.
53
54
Cell identity
Back
55
56
Paging Channel-PCH
The information on this channel is a paging message
including the MSs identity(IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on
Downlink, point-to-multipoint.
57
58
59
Traffic Channels-TCH
TCH carries the voice data.
Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data in the normal
burst.
One TCH is allocated for every active call.
Full rate traffic channel occupies one physical
channel(one TS on a carrier) and carries voice data
at 13kbps
Two half rate (6.5kbps) TCHs can share one physical
channel.
60
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
61
62
63
Speech Coding
BP
A/D
BAND
PASS
300 Hz 3.4 kHZ
SPEECH
ENCODER
CHANNEL
CODING
To modulator
1A
1B
50
132
78
3 crc bits
50 3
132
LP
D/A
1A = Filter Coeff
block ampl, LTP
params
1B = RPE pointers &
pulses
2 = RPE pulse & filter
params
SPEECH
DECODER
78
CHANNEL
DECODING
64
Interleaving
Encoded speech blocks - Diagonal Interleaving
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
Even bits
Odd bits
57
57
57
57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57
57
57
57
Tb
3
Coded Data
57
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
Even bits
Odd bits
F Training Sequence F
1
26
1
Coded Data
57
Tb
3
Gp
8.25
65
Burst
The information format transmitted during one
timeslot in the TDMA frame is called a burst.
Different Types of Bursts
Normal Burst
Random Access Burst
Frequency Correction Burst
Synchronization Burst
66
Normal Burst
156.25 bits 0.577 ms
T
3
Coded Data
57
Tail Bit(T)
Coded Data
Stealing Flag
Training Seq.
S
1
T. Seq.
26
S
1
Coded Data
57
T
3
GP
8.25
67
Training Sequence
41
Coded Data
36
T
3
GP
68.25
T
3
GP
8.25
Coded Data
39
Training Sequence
64
Coded
Data 39
T
3
GP
8.25
Synchronization Burst
68
Transmission on the
radio channels
A timeslot has a duration of .577 m seconds (148 Bits)
8 timeslots(8 x 0.577 = 4.62 ms) form a TDMA frame
If a mobile is assigned one TS it transmits only in this time
slot
and stays idle for the other 7 with its transmitter off, called
bursting
The start on the uplink is delayed from downlink by 3 TS
periods
One TS = duration of 156.25 bits, and its physical contents is
called a burst
Downlink 0
BTS > MS
Uplink
MS > BTS
Offset
69
Timing Advance
MS1 0
near
MS2
0
far
MS1 0
near
MS2
0
far
At
BTS
At
BTS
0
1
0
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
70
Frames Types On Um
Interface
TDMA Frame
26-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (24 TCH, SACCH, Idle)
120 ms (26 * 4.62ms)
51-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (FCCH, SCH, BCCH, SDCCH, CCCH)
235.6 ms (51 * 4.62ms)
71
Frames Types On Um
Interface
Super Frame
51* 26 TDMA Frames
6.12 S
Hyper Frame
2048 * 51* 26 TDMA Frames
3 Hours, 28 Minutes, 53 Secs and 760 ms
72
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
73
Mobility Management
Network Attachment
Cell Identification
MS scans complete GSM frequency band for
highest power
Tunes to highest powered frequency and looks
for FCCH. Synchronizes in frequency domain
Get training sequence from SCH which follows
FCCH. Synchronizes in time domain.
Accesses BCCH for network id, location area and
frequencies of the neighboring cells.
Stores a list of 30 BCCH channels
75
Network Attachment..
PLMN Selection
Get the operator information from SIM.
Cell Selection
Selected cell should be a cell of the selected
PLMN
Signal strength should be above the threshold.
Cell should not be barred
Location Update
Register with the network by means of location
updation procedures.
76
MS
BTS
MS Location Update
(registration)
BSC
(G)MSC VLR
HLR
Action
Channel Request (RACH)
Channel Assignment (AGCH)
TMSI + old LAI
77
Security - Authentication
MS
Ki
RAND
A3
SRES
MS
BTS
AuC
RAND
SRES
SRES
Authentication center
provides RAND to Mobile
AuC generates SRES using
Ki of subscriber and RAND
Mobile generates SRES
using Ki and RAND
Mobile transmits SRES to
BTS
BTS compares received
SRES with one generated
by AuC
Auth Result
78
Security - Ciphering
MS
Ki
RAND
A8
Kc
Um interface
MS
Network
Kc
Data
A5
Kc
Ciphered
Data
A5
Data
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
80
Communication Management
(CM)
Setup of calls between users on request
Routing function i.e. Choice of transmission
segments linking users
Point to Point Short message services
81
82
MS
HLR
BTS
BSC
VLR
AuC
MS
GMSC
BTS
Authentication response
(SDCCH)
EIR
ACM
Authentication request
(SDCCH)
Req
for dedicated
Authentication
response channel BSC
Allocates SDCCH
using
the
AGCH
for(SDCCH)
signaling (RACH)
BTS
SDCCH
released
TCH assigned
Ring Sends
tone over
callFACCH
set-up request
Give
including
SDCCH
Call set-up
forwarded
Ring tone ceases over FACCH
Release
Activate
SDCCH
TCH
dialled digits on SDCCH
to BSC
MSC
Connect
Assigns
TCH Req
Assn complete
message
Call set-up forwarded
to MSC
PSTN
Ring alert
Speech path enabled
Called Sub answers
83
Paging
Authentication
Ciphering
Equipment Validation
Call Setup
Handovers
Call Release
84
BTSTMSI Paged
on PCH
BSC
*RESP
MS
tunes
Allocate
Page
SDCCH
on SDCCH
REQ
MS Ch.
*
Assgn
CMP
over
( TMSI
AGCH
+ LAI)
over
RACH
BTS
* Phone rings
HLR
VLR
Query for
VLR info
AuC
Reply
(MSRN)
EIR
PSTN
BTS
Land to
Mobile call
(MSISDN)
85
TOPICS
GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
86
87
Power Control
Hand over Control
Discontinuous Transmission
Frequency Hopping
88
Power Control
89
Handover
Means to continue a call even a mobile crosses
the border of one cell to another
Procedure which made the mobile station really
roam
Handover causes
RxLev (Signal strength , uplink or downlink)
RxQual (BER on data)
O & M intervention
Timing Advance
Traffic or Load balancing
90
Handover Types
Internal Handover (Intra-BSS)
Within same base station - intra cell
Between different base stations - inter cell
External Handover (Inter-BSS)
Within same MSC -intra MSC
Between different MSCs - inter-MSC
91
Handover Types
GMSC
MSC
BSC
BSC
C-3
BSC
MSC
C-4
C-1
C-2
BSC
92
HO performed
HO required
Activate TCH(facch)
with HoRef#
BSC
Acknowledges and
alloctes TCH (facch) if
1. Check for HO passed
2. Channel avail in new BTS
BTS 2
Periodic Measurement
Reports (SACCH)
Periodic Measurement
Reports
Release TCH
Cell 2
Periodic Measurement
Reports (SACCH)
BTS 1
Cell 1
93
Discontinuous
Transmission
Discontinuous Transmission(DTX) allows the
radio transmitter to be switched off most of the
time during speech pauses.
A Silence Indicator Block is transmitted at
500bps, which generates a comfort noise
Down Link interference is decreased.
Up link battery is saved
94
Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping permits the dynamic switching of radio links from
one carrier frequency to another.
Base Band Hopping
At the BTS each the timeslot is shifted to another transceiver,
which is transmitting at the hop frequency. User will be connected
to different Transceivers depending on hop sequence.
Synthesis Hopping
At the BTS transceiver changes the frequencies used. The user
will be connected to only one transceiver.
Decreases the probability of interference
Suppresses the effect of Rayleigh fading
95
Add-on to GSM
network
: rate for GSM Evolution
Enhanced
Data
PCU; Packet EDGE
Segmentation/re-assembly
scheduling
is an enhancement ofand
GPRS
and CSD technologies.
Radio
channel
access
control
and
management
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunication
Standards
Based on the current GSM technology - same TDMA frame
Transmission
error detection
and retransmission.
Innovative
Service
Architecture
: VHE
Concept
structure,
same
bandwidth
(200
kHz). - providing the us
Power
control
the same look
feelmodulation
of its personalized
services
of
Usesand
8-PSK
instead of
GMSK.independent
Surf the Internet while on the move
SGSN:
GPRS
mobility
network
and
terminal.
Requires
goodSwitched
propagation
High
Speed
Circuit
Dataconditions.
Encryption
Global
Convergence
:
Fixed/Mobile,
Telecom/Datacom,
public/private
Allows
upto 48 kbps (EGPRS)
and upto 28.8 kbps
(ECSD)
on: every
User
Data Rate:14.5kbps
W@P
Gateway
Charging
Mobile
Multimedia
driven
market.
channel
Useradio
multiple
timeslots
(max=8),
Adaptation of the information to the mobile
Data:
160
-numeric
characters
GGSN
:
Interface
to
the- 2GHz
PDN,
Internet
SMS
Wideband
bearers
band
(
5
MHz
per
carrier),
-max.
2Mbps
EDGE
helps
GSM-Only
operators
to
compete
with
UMTS.
henceRate
max: rate
= 115.2kbps.
Compression
of theUMTS
data
User Data
9.6kbps
UMTS
Needs
a
duplexor
in
MS
for
Buffering of the information
One
time
slotrate
over
the air
interface
Max
user
data
: 21.4
kbps
simultaneous Tx and Rx
Dynamic rate adaptation to suit the radio conditions at
EDGE
EDGE
that time ( 9.05 kbps, 13.4 kbps, 15.6 kbps 21.4 kbps)
Wireless Data
Data Application
GPRS
GPRS
HSCSD
HSCSD
SIM
SIM
Toolkit
Toolkit
GSM
GSM
DATA
DATA
W
@
P
WAP
WAP
F
o
n
e
Internet
Mobile Network
98
W@P Gateway
99
Time
W@P Service
2000
2001
96
References
Wireless and Personal Communication Systems.
Vijay.K.Garg and Wilkes
Overview of the GSM System and Protocol
Architecture, IEEE Comm. Magazine, Moe Rahnema.
The GSM System for Mobile CommunicationsMichel Mouly & Marie-Bernadette Pautet
Overview of the GSM Comm- John Scourias.
97
98
Location Updates
Location Updates can be classified into
two:
Periodic Location Updates:
This occurs as per the timer set by the network operator.
If the MS does not perform this update the MSC marks
the MS as Detached on the VLR.
99