Lecture No. 2 (07.3.

2011)

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Reproductive Health

Learning objectives

Learn to define reproductive health

Understand the concept and importance

of reproductive health

Describe the components of reproductive

health package

Reproductive health

Reproductive health is a state of complete

physical, mental and social well being and
not merely absence of disease or infirmity
(weakness), in all matters relating to
reproductive system and its functions and
processes.

Reproductive health care is defined as the

constellation (aggregation) of methods,
techniques and services that contribute to
reproductive health and well being
through preventing and solving
reproductive health problems.
(Diagnosis, treatment, ultrasound, IVF etc.)

Concept of Reproductive Health

It implies that

Couples have the ability to reproduce and

regulate their fertility
Women are able to go through pregnancy and
child birth safely
Outcome of pregnancy is successful in terms
of maternal and infant survival and well
being
Couples are able to have sexual relations free
of the fear of pregnancy and of contracting
any disease

Reproductive Health Situation

in Pakistan

Socio-demographic profile

Total population (million)

Population density (per sq Km)
Total fertility rate
Population growth rate (%)
Contraceptive prevalent rate (%)
Maternal mortality rate/100000 births
Infant mortality rate/1000 births
Female adult literacy rate (%)
Adults living with HIV/AIDS

(National Institute of Population Studies, Islamabad)

Ministry of population welfare 2010

177.10
166
4.0
2.05
30
350
85
33
74000

Population Growth Rate (PGR),

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) and
Total Fertility Rate (TFR), 2008

Country
Egypt
Morocco
Turkey
Iran
Indonesia
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Pakistan

TFR
3.2
2.4
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.1
4.0

PGR (%)
1.8 %
1.2 %
1.3 %
1.4 %
1.2 %
1.7 %
1.7 %
1.80%

Ministry of population welfare 2010

CRP(%)
59 %
63 %
71 %
74 %
58 %
55 %
58 %
30%

Births during 2000

In one year
4300000
Per month
358333
Per day
Per minute

11781
8

Reproductive Health Package

Comprehensive family planning for

females and males

Maternal health care including safe

motherhood and pre and post abortion
care for complications

Infant health care

Management of reproductive health

related problems of adolescents

Reproductive Health Package

Prevention and management of RTIs/STIs,

HIV/AIDS

Management of infertility

Detection of breast & cervical cancer

Management of reproductive health

related issues of men
(Ministry of population welfare Islamabad)

Reproductive Health Issues (Human)

Male

Abnormal Spermiogram
Varicocele
Unexplanied infertility
Impotence
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Reproductive Health Issues

(Human)

Female
Endometriosis
Tubal occlusion
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hypothalamic-pituitary disorders
Elevated prolactin levels
Early menopause
Luteal phase defect
Benign uterine fibroids
Pelvic adhesions

Normal and Pathological Ranges

in Semen Analysis

Characteristic

Normal

Volume (ml)

2.0-6.0

pH

Conc.

Motility

Morphology (/100sperm)

Head defects

Mid piece defects < or=20

Tail defects
WBCs

Borderline

Pathological

1.5-2.0

<1.5

20-250

10-20

<10

>50%

35-49

<35

35-59

>60

7.2-7.8
(106/ml)

<35

21-25

>25

< or=20
21-25
<1x106/ml

>25

Reproductive Health Issues

(Domestic Animals)

Male

Congenital malformations (Segmental aplasia of

Wolffian ducts, Cryporchidism)

Ejaculatory disturbances (Lack of libido, inability to

copulate)

Fertilization failure (Diseases of testes & accessory

glands, heat stress, breeding techniques)

Nutrition

Reproductive Health Issues

(Domestic Animals)

Female

Ovarian dysfunction (Anoestrus, cystic ovaries)

Disorders of fertilization (Fertilization failure,

atypical fertilization)

Prenatal mortality (Embryonic mortality, repeat

breeding, abortion)

Disorders of gestation & parturition (Dystocia,

retained placenta, uterine infections)